PART ONE
GETTING OFF TO A GOOD START
第一部分
建立一个良好的开端
 
 
1.HOW TO TEST YOUR PRESENT  VOCABULARY
如何测试现有词汇量
 
Once—as a child—you were an expert, an accomplished virtuoso, at learning new words.
Today, by comparison, you are a rank and bumbling amateur.
在儿童时期，你曾经是一位专家，在学习新词汇方面，你是一位杰出的学者。
在今天，相比之下，你仅仅是一位笨口拙舌的业余选手。
 
Does this statement sound insulting?
It may be—but if you are the average adult, it is a statement that is, unfortunately, only too true.
Educational testing indicates that children of ten who have grown up in families in which English is the native language have recognition vocabularies of over twenty thousand words—
这些话听起来是否刺耳？
这些话也许有些无礼。但是，不幸的是，如果你是普通成年人，这些话再真实不过。
教育测试显示，在以英语为母语的家庭中成长的10岁儿童拥有两万多个认知词汇——
 
And that these same ten?year?olds have been learning new words at a rate of many hundreds a year since the age of four.
In astonishing contrast, studies show that adults who are no longer attending school increase their vocabularies at a pace slower than twenty?five to fifty words annually.
此外，同样是这些10岁儿童从4岁起便开始以每年几百个词汇的速度学习新词。
与之形成惊人对比的是，研究显示，不再上学的成年人每年词汇的增加数量少于25至50个。
 
How do you assess your own vocabulary?
Is it quantitatively healthy?
Rich in over?all range?
Responsive to any situation in which you may find yourself?
Truly indicative of your intellectual potential?
More important, is it still growing at the same rapid clip as when you were a child?
你如何评估自己的词汇？
你的词汇量是否符合标准？
你的词汇是否在各个领域都十分丰富？
你是否认为自己能够应付任何场合？
是否真正显示出你的智力潜能？
更重要的是，你的词汇增长速度是否与童年时期相同？
 
Or, as with most adults, has your rate of increase dropped drastically since you left school? And if so, do you now feel that your vocabulary is somewhat limited, your verbal skills not as sharp as you would like them to be?
Let us check it out.
I challenge you to a series of tests that will measure your vocabulary range, as well as your verbal speed and responsiveness.
或者，你的情况是否与大多数成年人相似？你的词汇增长速度是否在你离开学校后骤减？如果的确如此，你现在是否感觉自己的词汇量在某种程度上十分有限？你的口语技巧是不是并没有自己希望的那么敏捷？
让我们加以测验。
以下一系列测试对你的词汇范围、语言速度和反应速度做出衡量。
 
 
A TEST OF VOCABULARY RANGE
词汇范围测试
 
Here are sixty brief phrases, each containing one italicized word; it is up to you to check the closest definition of each such word. To keep your score valid, refrain, as far as possible, from wild guessing. The key will be found at the end of the test.
这里有60个短语，每个都包含一个斜体单词，找出每个单词最确切的解释，为了使你的分数有效，尽量避免毫无根据地猜测答案。答案参见测验后面。
 
1. disheveled appearance: (a)untidy， (b) fierce, (c) foolish, (d) peculiar, (e) unhappy
2. a baffling problem: (a) difficult, (b) simple, (c) puzzling, (d) long, (e) new
3. lenient parent: (a) tall, (b) not strict, (c) wise, (d) foolish, (e) severe
4. repulsive personality: (a) disgusting, (b) attractive, (c) normal, (d) confused, (e) conceited
5. audacious attempt: (a) useless, (b) bold, (c) foolish, (d) crazy, (e) necessary
6. parry a blow: (a) ward off, (b) fear, (c) expect, (d) invite, (e) ignore
7. prevalent disease: (a) dangerous, (b) catching, (c) childhood, (d) fatal, (e) widespread
8. ominous report: (a) loud, (b) threatening, (c) untrue, (d) serious, (e) unpleasant
9. an incredible story: (a) true, (b) interesting, (c) well?known, (d) unbelievable, (e) unknown
10. an ophthalmologist: (a) eye doctor, (b) skin doctor, (c) foot doctor, (d) heart doctor, (e) cancer specialist
11. will supersede the old law: (a) enforce, (b) specify penalties for, (c) take the place of, (d) repeal, (e) continue
12. an anonymous donor: (a) generous, (b) stingy, (c) well?known, (d) one whose name is not known, (e) reluctant
13. performed an autopsy: (a) examination of living tissue, (b) examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death, (c) process in the manufacture of optical lenses, (d) operation to    cure an organic disease, (e) series of questions to determine the causes of delinquent behavior
14. an indefatigable worker: (a) well?paid, (b) tired, (c) skillful, (d) tireless, (e) pleasant
15. a confirmed atheist: (a) bachelor, (b) disbeliever in God, (c) believer in religion, (d) believer in science, (e) priest
16. endless loquacity: (a) misery, (b) fantasy, (c) repetitiousness, (d) ill health, (e) talkativeness
17. a glib talker: (a) smooth, (b) awkward, (c) loud, (d) friendly, (e) boring
18. an incorrigible optimist: (a) happy, (b) beyond correction or reform, (c) foolish, (d) hopeful, (e) unreasonable
19. an ocular problem: (a) unexpected, (b) insoluble, (c) visual, (d) continual, (e) imaginary
 
20. a notorious demagogue: (a) rabble?rouser, (b) gambler, (c) perpetrator of financial frauds, (d) liar, (e) spendthrift
21. a naive attitude: (a) unwise, (b) hostile, (c) unsophisticated, (d) friendly, (e) contemptuous
22. living in affluence: (a) difficult circumstances, (b) countrified surroundings, (c) fear, (d)wealth, (e) poverty
23. in retrospect: (a) view of the past, (b) artistic balance, (c) anticipation, (d) admiration, (e) second thoughts
24. a gourmet: (a) seasoned traveler, (b) greedy eater, (c) vegetarian, (d) connoisseur of good food, (e) skillful chef
25. to simulate interest: (a) pretend, (b) feel, (c) lose, (d) stir up, (e) ask for
26. a magnanimous action: (a) puzzling, (b) generous, (c) foolish, (d) unnecessary, (e) wise
27. a clandestine meeting: (a) prearranged, (b) hurried, (c) important, (d) secret, (e) public
28. the apathetic citizens: (a) made up of separate ethnic groups, (b) keenly vigilant of their rights, (c) politically conservative, (d) indifferent, uninterested, uninvolved, (e) terrified
29. to placate his son: (a) please, (b) help, (c) find a job for, (d) make arrangements for, (e) change a feeling of hostility to one of friendliness
30. to vacillate continually: (a) avoid, (b) swing back and forth in indecision, (c) inject, (d) treat, (e) scold
31. a nostalgic feeling: (a) nauseated, (b) homesick, (c) sharp, (d) painful, (e) delighted
32. feel antipathy: (a) bashfulness, (b) stage fright, (c) friendliness, (d) hostility, (e) suspense
33. be more circumspect: (a) restrained, (b) confident, (c) cautious, (d) honest, (e) intelligent
34. an intrepid fighter for human rights: (a) fearless, (b) eloquent, (c) popular, (d) experienced, (e) famous
35. diaphanous material: (a) strong, (b) sheer and gauzy, (c) colorful, (d) expensive, (e) synthetic
36. a taciturn host: (a) stingy, (b) generous, (c) disinclined to conversation, (d) charming, (e) gloomy
37. to malign his friend: (a) accuse, (b) help, (c) disbelieve, (d) slander, (e) introduce
38. a congenital deformity: (a) hereditary, (b) crippling; (c) slight, (d) incurable, (e) occurring at or during birth
39. a definite neurosis: (a) plan, (b) emotional disturbance, (c) physical disease, (d) feeling of fear, (e) allergic reaction
40. made an unequivocal statement: (a) hard to understand, (b) lengthy, (c) politically motivated, (d) clear and forthright, (e) supporting
41. vicarious enjoyment: (a) complete, (b) unspoiled, (c) occurring from a feeling of identification with another, (d) long?continuing, (e) temporary
42. psychogenic ailment: (a) incurable, (b) contagious, (c) originating in the mind, (d) intestinal, (e) imaginary
43. an anachronous attitude:  (a) unexplainable, (b) unreasonable, (c) belonging to a different time, (d) out of place, (e) unusual
44. her iconoclastic phase: (a) artistic, (b) sneering at tradition, (c) troubled, (d) difficult, (e) religious
45. a tyro: (a) dominating personality, (b) beginner, (c) accomplished musician, (d) dabbler, (e) serious student
46. a laconic reply: (a) immediate, (b) assured, (c) terse and meaningful, (d) unintelligible, (e) angry
47. semantic confusion: (a) relating to the meaning of words, (b) pertaining to money, (c) having to do with the emotions, (d) relating to mathematics, (e) caused by inner turmoil
48. cavalier treatment: (a) courteous, (b) haughty and highhanded, (c) negligent, (d) affectionate, (e) expensive
49. an anomalous situation: (a) dangerous, (b) intriguing, (c) unusual, (d) pleasant, (e) unhappy
50. posthumous child: (a) cranky, (b) brilliant, (c) physically weak, (d) illegitimate, (e) born after the death of the father
51. feels enervated: (a) full of ambition, (b) full of strength, (c) completely exhausted, (d) troubled, (e) full of renewed energy
52. shows perspicacity: (a) sincerity, (b) mental keenness, (c) love, (d) faithfulness, (e) longing
53. an unpopular martinet: (a) candidate, (b) supervisor, (c) strict disciplinarian, (d) military leader, (e) discourteous snob
54. gregarious person: (a) outwardly calm, (b) very sociable,(c) completely untrustworthy, (d) vicious, (e) self?effacing and timid
55. generally phlegmatic: (a) smug, self?satisfied, (b) easily pleased, (c) nervous, high?strung, (d) emotionally unresponsive, (e) lacking in social graces
56. an inveterate gambler: (a) impoverished, (b) successful, (c) habitual, (d) occasional, (e) superstitious
57. an egregious error: (a) outstandingly bad, (b) slight, (c) irreparable, (d) unnecessary, (e) deliberate
58. cacophony of a large city: (a) political administration, (b) crowded living conditions, (c) cultural advantages, (d) unpleasant noises, harsh sounds, (e) busy traffic
59. a prurient adolescent: (a) tall and gangling, (b) sexually longing, (c) clumsy, awkward, (d) sexually attractive, (e) soft?spoken
60. uxorious husband: (a) henpecked, (b) suspicious, (e) guilty of infidelity, (d) fondly and foolishly doting on his wife, (e) tightfisted, penny?pinching
 
 
 
 
KEY: 1?a, 2?c, 3?b, 4?a, 5?b, 6?a, 7?e, 8?b, 9?d, 10?a, 11?c, 12?d, 13?b, 14?d, 15?b, 16?e, 17?a, 18?b, 19?c, 20?a, 21?c, 22?d, 23?a, 24?d, 25?a, 26?b, 27?d, 28?d, 29?e, 30?b, 31?b, 32?d, 33?c, 34?a, 35?b, 36?c, 37?d, 38?e, 39?b, 40?d, 41?c, 42?c, 43?c, 44?b, 45?b, 46?c, 47?a, 48?b, 49?c, 50?e, 51?c, 52?b, 53?c, 54?b, 55?d, 56?c, 57?a, 58?d, 59?b, 60?d
 
 
Your score (one point for each correct choice):
你的分数是（每答对一题得一分）:。
 
The Meaning of Your Score:
0—11:  below average
12—35:  average
36—48:  above average
49—54:  excellent
55—60:  superior
 
你的分数意味着：
 
0—11分：低于平均水平
12—35分：平均水平
36—48分：高于平均水平
49—54分：优秀
55—60分：非常优秀
 
A  TEST  OF  VERBAL  SPEED
 
语言速度测验
 
 
PART 1
第一部分
 
 
This is a timed test.
In no more than three minutes (time yourself, or have someone time you), decide whether the word in column B is the same (or approximately the same) in meaning as the word in column A; opposite (or approximately opposite) in meaning; or whether the two words are merely different.
Circle S for same,O for opposite, and D for different.
You will not have time to dawdle or think too long, so go as fast as you can.
这是一个限时测验。
在不超过3分钟的时间内（你自己或请别人给你计时），确定A栏的单词和B栏的单词在意思上是相同（或大致相同）、相反（或大致相反），或者这两个单词不相关。
S代表相同，O代表相反，D代表不同。
你没有太多的时间犹豫和停留，要尽可能快地作出判断。
 
 
COLUMN ACOLUMN  B
1. sweet          sour               S     O     D
2. crazy           insane              S     O     D
3. stout           fat          S O D
4. big             angry       S  O  D
5. danger          peril        S O  D
6. help            hinder      S O  D
7. splendid        magnificent  S O D
8. love           hate       S O D
9. stand          rise        S O D
10. furious          violent      S O  D
11. tree            apple       S O D
12. doubtful        certain      S O D
13. handsome       ugly        S O  D
14. begin          start       S O D
15. strange         familiar     S O D
16. male           female      S O D
17. powerful        weak        S O  D
18. beyond         under       S O D
19. live             die         S O  D
20. go             get        S O D
21. return          replace      S O D
22. growl           weep       S O D
23. open           close       S O D
24. nest            home       S O  D
25. chair           table       S O D
26. want            desire       S O  D
27. can             container    S O D
28. idle            working     S O D
29. rich            luxurious    S O D
30. building         structure    S O D
 
 
PART 2
 
第二部分
 
 
 
This is also a timed test.
In no more than three minutes (again, time yourself or have someone time you), write down as many different words as you can think of that start with the letter D.
  Do not use various forms of a word, such as do, doing, does, done, doer, etc.
  Space is provided for 125 words. You are not expected to reach that number, but write as fast as you can and see how many blanks you can fill in before your time is up.
这也是一个限时测验。
在不超过3分钟的时间内（也是你自己或请别人给你计时），写出尽可能多的以D开头的不同的单词。
不要用同一个单词的不同形态，例如do, doing, does, done, doer等。
下面有125个空格，你不必都填满，但在规定的时间内，要尽可能快地写出来。
 
1.
2.
3.
  4.
  5.
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16.
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21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
  33.
34.
35.
36. 
37.
38.
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43.
44.
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46.
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48.
49.
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52.
53.
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55.
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71.
 72.
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 82.
 83.
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 92.
 93. 
   94.
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 96.
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   109. 
   110.
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   114.
   115.
   116.
   117.
   118.
   119.
   120.
   121.
   122.
   123.
   124.
   125.
 
 
KEY:
Part 1: 1?O, 2?S, 3?S, 4?D, 5?S, 6?O, 7?S, 8?O, 9?S,10?S, 11?D, 12?O, 13?O, 14?S, 15?O, 16?O,17?O, 18?D, 19?O, 20?D, 21?S, 22?D, 23?O,24?S, 25?D, 26?S, 27?S, 28?O, 29?S, 30?S
Part 2: Any English word starting with D is correct unless it is merely another form of a previous word on the list.
任何一个以D开头的单词都是正确答案，但要排除同一单词的不同形式。
 
 
 
 
Scoring:
PART 1
第一部分
 
 
If you have up to 10 correct answers, credit your score with 25 points.
If you have 11?20 correct answers, credit your score with 50 points.
21?25 correct answers—75 points.
26?30 correct answers—100 points.
 
答对10个或以下，得25分。
答对11—20个，得50分。
答对21—25个，得75分。
答对26—30个，得100分。
 
Your Score on Part 1:
你第1部分的得分：
PART 2
第二部分
 
 
 
Up to 30 words:  25 points
  31?50 words:  50 points
   51?70 words:  75 points
 71?125 words:  100 points
写出30个或以下：25分
31—50个单词：50分
51—70个单词：75分
71—125个单词：100分
 
Your Score on Part 2:
你第2部分的得分：
 
 TOTAL SCORE（总分）
 
On Verbal Speed:
语言速度：
 
The meaning of your verbal speed score:
50:  below average
75:  average
100: above average
125?150: excellent
175?200: superior
你的分数意味着：
50分：低于平均水平
75分：平均水平
100分：高于平均水平
125—150分：优秀水平
175—200分：非常优秀
 
 
A  TEST  OF  VERBAL  RESPONSIVENESS
 
反应速度测验
 
PART 1
第一部分
 
 
Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter P that is the same, or approximately the same, in meaning as the word given in column A.
Example:  lookpeer
Warning: Every answer must start with the letter P.
在B栏的空格中写出以字母P开头的单词，其意思要与A栏中对应的单词相同或大致相同。
举例：lookpeer
注意：所填的每个单词必须以p开头。
 
 
A           B
 1. bucket                       14. location
 2. trousers                                      15. stone      
 3. maybe                            16. inactive
 4. forgive                         17. fussy
 5. separate                                       18. suffering
 6. likely                           19. castle
 7. annoy                            20. gasp
 8. good?looking                     21. fear
 9. picture                               22. twosome 
 10. choose                    23. artist
 11. ugly                      24. sheet
 12. go      25. collection  
13. dish        
 
 
 
PART 2
第二部分
 
Write in the blank in column B a word starting with the letter G that is  opposite, approximately opposite, or in contrast to the word given in column A.
Example: stopgo
Warning: Every answer must start with the letter G.
在B栏的空格中写出以G开头的单词，其意思要与A栏对应的单词相反或大致相反，或者意思相对。
举例：stopgo
注意：所填的每个单词必须以G开头。
 
A                   B
1. lose               
14. ugly
 
2. midget             
15. stingy 
 
3. special              16. awkward                 
 
4. lady                 17. little
5. take  18. rough
6. moron 19. bride
7. sad 20. ripe
8. boy 21. unwanting
9. happy                 22. unprotected
10. plain                23. experienced
11. hello               24. scarcity
12. here                25. unappreciative
13. bad
 
 
 
 
 
KEY：
 
Part 1: If more than one answer is given, count as correct any word you have written that is the same as any one of the answers.
 
如果答案不止一个，你写出与任何一个正确答案相同的单词，都算作正确。
 
 
 
 
1?pail, pan, 2?pants, 3?perhaps, possibly, probably, 4?pardon, 5?part, 6?probable, possible, perhaps, 7?pester, 8?pretty, 9?photograph, painting, 10?pick, 11?plain, 12?proceed, 13?plate, platter, 14?place, 15?pebble, 16?passive, 17?particular, picky,  18?pain,  19?palace,  20?pant,  puff, 21?panic, 22?pair, 23?painter, 24?page, 25?pack
 
Part 2: If more than one answer is given, count as correct any word you have written that is the same as any one of the answers.
 
如果答案不止一个，你写出与任何一个正确答案相同的单词，都算作正确。
 
 
 
 
1?gain, get, garner, grab, glean, grasp, grip, 2?giant, gigantic, great, gross, 3?general, 4?gentleman, 5?give, 6?genius, 7?glad, gleeful, gleesome, 8?girl, 9?gloomy, glum, grieving, grumpy, 10?gaudy, grand, grandiose, 11?goodbye, 12?gone, 13?good, 14?good?looking, 15?generous, giving, 16?graceful, 17?great, giant, gigantic, 18?gentle, 19?groom, 20?green,  21?greedy,  grasping,  22?guarded, 23?green, 24?glut, gobs, 25?grateful
 
 
 
 
Scoring:
  Score Parts 1 and 2 together. Write in the blank the total number of correct responses you made:
第一部分和第二部分的得分加在一起。在空格中填上你正确答案的总数：
 
The meaning of your verbal responsiveness score:
0?10:  below average
                       11?20:  average
                       21?30:  above average
                       31?40:  excellent
                       41?50:  superior
你的得分意味着：
0—10分：低于平均水平
11—20分：平均水平
21—30分：高于平均水平
31—40分：优秀水平
41—50分：非常优秀
 
VOCABULARY AND SUCCESS
 
词汇量与成功的关系
 
 
Now you know where you stand. If you are in the below average or average group, you must consider, seriously, whether an inadequate vocabulary may be holding you back. (If you tested out on the above average, excellent, or superior level, you have doubtless already discovered the unique and far?reaching value of a rich vocabulary, and you are eager to add still further to your knowledge of words.)
 
现在你已经了解自己的词汇水平。如果你的词汇量低于平均水平或相当于平均水平，你必须严肃地思考一下，如此低水平的词汇量是否给你带来了负面影响。（如果你的词汇量到达了“高于平均水平”“优秀”或“非常优秀”的级别，你一定已经发现了丰富的词汇量给你带来的独特而且影响长远的好处。同时，你也越发地追求更加丰富的词汇知识。）
 
Let us examine, briefly, some of the evidence that points to the close relationship between vocabulary and personal, professional, and intellectual growth.
让我们来简短地介绍一些科学证据，说明词汇量与个人、专业以及知识领域成功的紧密关系。
The Human Engineering Laboratory found that the only common characteristic of successful people in this country is an unusual grasp of the meanings of words. The Laboratory tested the vocabularies of thousands of people in all age groups and in all walks of life—and discovered that those people drawing down the highest salaries made the highest scores. Consider very thoughtfully the explanation that the director of the Laboratory offered for the relationship between vocabulary and success:
人类工程实验室发现本国成功人士唯一的共同点是对词汇的意义具有超乎寻常的理解。实验室对不同年龄段、不同职业的几千个人的词汇量进行测试——结果发现，拿最高薪酬的人所得分数最高。仔细思考实验室主任的以下论述，他的论述说明了词汇量和成功的紧密关系：
“Why do large vocabularies characterize executives and possibly outstanding men and women in other fields? The final answer seems to be that words are the instruments by means of which men and women grasp the thoughts of others and with which they do much of their own thinking. They are the tools of thought.”
 
“高层管理人士和其他领域的杰出人物都具备一个共同点：词汇量尤为丰富。原因何在？最终的答案似乎是这样：男人和女人通过词汇来掌握他人的想法，也使用词汇来进行思考。词汇是思维的工具。”
There is other evidence.
  At many universities, groups of freshmen were put into experimental classes for the sole purpose of increasing their knowledge of English words. These groups did better in their sophomore, junior, and senior years than control groups of similarly endowed students who did not receive such training.
再来看另外一个证据。
现在，很多大学会将几组新生分为实验班，其目的是增加英语词汇知识。这些学生在大二、大三以及大四的表现都要比没有接受训练的控制组中的学生出色。
And still more evidence:
At the University of Illinois, entering students were given a simple twenty?nine?word vocabulary test. The results of this test could be used, according to Professor William D. Templeman, to make an accurate prediction of future academic success—or lack of success—over the entire four year college course. “If a student has a superior vocabulary,” states Professor Templeman, “it will probably follow that he will do better work academically.”
还有更多的证据：
在伊利诺伊大学，入学新生要进行29个词汇的简单测试。根据威廉姆·D.坦普尔曼教授的观点，这个测试的结果可以用来准确推断学生在未来四年课程中学术方面的成就或者欠缺。坦普尔曼教授说：“如果学生词汇量较大，他在学术上也会取得更好的成绩。”
And finally:
Educational research has discovered that your I.Q. is intimately related to your vocabulary. Take a standard vocabulary test and then an intelligence test—the results in both will be substantially the same.
最后：
近年来的教育研究发现，人的智商高低和词汇量有紧密的联系。词汇量测试和智商测试两者的结果基本一致。
YOU CAN INCREASE YOUR VOCABULARY
 
增加词汇，你能做到
 
 
 
The more extensive your vocabulary, the better your chances for success, other things being equal—success in attaining your educational goals, success in moving ahead in your business or professional career, success in achieving your intellectual potential.
And you can increase your vocabulary—faster and easier than you may realize.
 
假设其他条件相同，你拥有的词汇量越广泛，成功的机会就越多——例如成功地达到自己的教育目标，在商业或职业生涯更上一层楼，以及在需要发挥个人智力潜能方面取得成功。
而且，你可以增加你的词汇量——比你想象的更快、更容易。
You can, in fact, accomplish a tremendous gain in less than two to three months of concentrated effort, even if you do only one session a day—in less time if you do two or more sessions a day.
事实上，仅仅通过两三个月时间的集中努力，你就会取得巨大的进步，即使你一天仅仅完成一小节——如果每天完成两节或更多，你取得巨大进步所需的时间会更少。
Furthermore—
You can start improving your vocabulary immediately—and within a few days you can be cruising along at such a rapid rate that there will be an actual change in your thinking, in your ability to express your thoughts, and in your powers of understanding.
Does this sound as if I am promising you the whole world in a neat package with a pretty pink ribbon tied around it? I am. And I am willing to make such an unqualified promise because I have seen what happens to those of my students at New York University and at Rio Hondo College in Whittier, California, who make sincere, methodical efforts to learn more, many more, words.
此外——
你可以立即开始扩充自己的词汇——用不了几天，你的进步速度飞快，而你的思维、表达思想的能力以及理解力也会随之发生质的变化。
这听起来似乎是我在许诺，用漂亮的粉色丝带捆绑的礼物盒装下全世界送给你？事实的确如此。我愿意做出这样毫无保留的承诺，因为在我的纽约大学和加利福尼亚州惠蒂尔深河学院的学生身上，我的确看到了突飞猛进的进步。他们就是这样通过真切系统的努力，学到了越来越多的词汇。
 
 
 
 
2
 
HOW  TO  START  BUILDING YOUR  VOCABULARY
如何开始构建词汇
 
 
When you have finished working with this book, you will no longer be the same person.
  You can’t be.
  If you honestly read every page, if you do every exercise, if you take every test, if you follow every principle, you will go through an intellectual experience that will effect a radical change in you.
阅读这本书，你会被彻底地改变。
你一定会经历很大的改变。
如果你认真地阅读每一页，做每一个练习，完成每一个测试，依照每一个原则做事，你会经历思想上的变革，得到一个全新的自我。
 
For if you systematically increase your vocabulary, you will also sharpen and enrich your thinking; push back your intellectual horizons; build your self?assurance; improve your facility in handling the English language and thereby your ability to express your thoughts effectively; and acquire a deeper understanding of the world in general and of yourself in particular.
原因在于，在你系统地增加词汇量的同时，你也是在塑造、丰富你的思维，扩大知识面，增加自信心，改善语言习得机制和提高有效表达思想的能力；也是在整体上更透彻地理解世界，尤其是对你自己的理解。
 
Increasing your vocabulary does not mean merely learning the definitions of large numbers of obscure words; it does not mean memorizing scores of unrelated terms. What it means—what it can only mean—is becoming acquainted with the multitudinous and fascinating phenomena of human existence for which words are, obviously, only the verbal descriptions.
增加词汇量并不仅仅意味着记忆许多晦涩难懂的词汇的定义；也不是指记忆许多不相关的术语。增加词汇量的意义，也是其唯一的意义，就是熟知存在于人类当中大量的令人着迷的现象，显然只有语言能对其作出描述。
 
Increasing your vocabulary—properly, intelligently, and systematically—means treating yourself to an all?round, liberal education.
And surely you cannot deny that such an experience will change you intellectually—
Will have a discernible effect on your methods of thinking—on your store of information—on your ability to express your ideas—on your understanding of human problems.
恰当地、明智地、系统地增加你的词汇量意味着给自己进行一次全方位变革性的教育。
并且，你绝不会否认，这样的经历会从思想上为你带来变化——
这会对你的思维方式、信息储存、表达观点的能力，以及你对人类问题的认识等起到有效的作用。
HOW CHILDREN INCREASE THEIR VOCABULARIES
 
儿童如何增加词汇量
 
The typical ten?year?old, you will recall, has a recognition vocabulary of over twenty thousand words—and has been learning many hundreds of new words every year since the age of four.
You were once that typical child.
  You were once an accomplished virtuoso at vocabulary building.
 
 
你会记得，正常的10岁儿童认知词汇量超过两万，从4岁起，他们的词汇量是以每年几百个新词的速度扩充的。
你曾经就是那个有代表性的儿童。
你在词汇扩建方面曾经是杰出的学者。
  What was your secret?
 
  Did you spend hours every day poring over a dictionary?
  Did you lull yourself to sleep at night with Webster’s Unabridged?
  Did you keep notebooks full of all the new words you ever heard or read?
  Did you immediately look up the meaning of any new word that your parents or older members of your family used?
  Such procedures would have struck you as absurd then, as absurd as they would be for you today.
 
    你的秘诀是什么？
你是否每天花费几个小时钻研词典？
你是否每晚熬夜仔细查阅韦氏词典？
你的笔记本是否塞满了你听到或者读到的每个生词？
你是否孜孜不倦地查阅父母或者家里年老成员使用的所有生词的定义？
这些程序在当时可能使你感到荒谬，即使在今天你也会感觉到它们十分荒唐。
 
  You had a much better, much more effective, and considerably less self?conscious method.
  Your method was the essence of simplicity: day in and day out you kept learning; you kept squeezing every possible ounce of learning out of every waking moment; you were an eternal question box, for you had a constant and insatiable desire to know and understand.
 
其实你使用了更好、更高效的方法，虽然这个方法你还没有意识到。
你的方法再简单不过：你每天都在不停地学习；只要你醒着，你就在学习；你有问不完的问题，因为你想要知道、想去理解，这个欲望是无止境的、无法被满足的。
HOW  ADULTS  STOP  BUILDING  THEIR  VOCABULARIES
 
成年人是如何停止构建词汇的
 
 
Then, eventually, at some point in your adult life (unless you are the rare exception), you gradually lost your compulsive drive to discover, to figure out, to understand, to know.
  Eventually, therefore, you gradually lost your need to increase your vocabulary—your need to learn the words that could verbalize your new discoveries, your new understanding, your new knowledge.
 
 
最终，当你达到成年后的某个时期，你逐渐失去了去发现、领会、理解和了解事物的难以抑制的动力（除非你是少数例外）。
因此，你最终也会逐渐失去扩充词汇的需求——学习能够表达你的新发现、新理解和新知识的词汇的需求。
 
  Roland Gelatt, in a review of Caroline Pratt’s book I Learn from Children, describes this phenomenon as follows:
   All normal human beings are born with a powerful urge to learn. Almost all of them lose this urge, even before they have reached maturity. It is only the few... who are so constituted that lack of learning becomes a nuisance. This is perhaps the most insidious of human tragedies.
在对凯若琳·普拉特的新书《我向儿童学习》的评论中，罗兰德·格莱特用以下的文字描述了这种现象：
所有正常人类出生时都具有巨大的学习欲望。后来，几乎所有人又都失去了这个欲望，甚至在他们尚未成熟时就失去了。只有少数人……他们如此塑造自己，以至于不学习成为了一种烦心事。这恐怕是人类最隐含不露的悲剧。”
Children are wonders at increasing their vocabularies because of their “powerful urge to learn.” They do not learn solely by means of words, but as their knowledge increases, so does their vocabulary—for words are the symbols of ideas and understanding.
   (If you are a parent, you perhaps remember that crucial and trying period in which your child constantly asked “Why?” The “Why?” is the child’s method of finding out. How many adults that you know go about asking and thinking “Why?” How often do you yourself do it?)
因为儿童有“巨大的学习欲望”，所以从词汇增加的角度来讲，他们是奇迹。他们不仅通过词汇这一渠道本身来学习，还通过知识的增加来扩大词汇量——因为词汇是思想和理解的符号。
（如果你为人父母，你一定记得那个令你厌烦却又关键的阶段。在这个阶段中，你的孩子不断地问“为什么”。通过问“为什么”，孩子们去发现世界。又有几个你认识的成年人会问“为什么”或者思考“为什么”呢？你自己是否经常这样做？）
 
  The adults who “lose this urge,” who no longer feel that “lack of learning becomes a nuisance,” stop building their vocabularies. They stop learning, they stop growing intellectually, they stop changing. When and if such a time comes, then, as Mr. Gelatt so truly says, “This is perhaps the most insidious of human tragedies.” But fortunately the process is far from irreversible.
   If you have lost the “powerful urge to learn,” you can regain it—you can regain your need to discover, to figure out, to understand, to know.
 
“失去了这个欲望”的成年人再也感觉不到“不学习是一种烦心事”，也就停止构建词汇。他们停止了学习，停止了心智上的发展，也停止了变化。人生的这个阶段就好比格莱特先生说的那样：“这恐怕是人类最隐含不露的悲剧。”但是幸运的是，这个过程并不是不可逆转的。
即使你曾经失去“学习的欲望”，你也能够重新获得它——你能够重新获得去发现、领会、理解和了解事物的需求。
 
   And thus you can start increasing your vocabulary at the same rate as when you were a child.
  I am not spouting airy theory. For over thirty?five years I have worked with thousands of adults in my college courses in vocabulary improvement, and I can state as a fact, and without qualification, that:
If you can recapture the “powerful urge to learn” with which you were born, you can go on increasing your vocabulary at a prodigious rate—
  No matter what your present age.
这样，你就能够以童年时的速度开始扩充自己的词汇。
我并不是纸上谈兵。在过去的35年中，我已接触成千上万个成年人，他们修习我开设的如何扩充词汇量的大学课程，我可以实事求是、毫无保留地说：
只要你能重新获得这种与生俱来的“巨大的学习欲望”，你就能够以非凡的速度继续增加词汇量——
无论你现在多大年龄。
WHY  AGE  MAKES  LITTLE  DIFFERENCE  IN  VOCABULARY  BUILDING
 
为什么扩展词汇量与年龄无关
 
 
I repeat, no matter what your present age.
  You may be laboring under a delusion common to many older people.
  You may think that after you pass your twenties you rapidly and inevitably lose your ability to learn.
  That is simply not true.
我再重复一遍，无论你现在多大年龄，你都可以扩展词汇。
你可能和许多其他老年人一样，饱受错觉之苦。
你可能会认为，过了20岁，你很快并且无法避免地失去了学习的能力。
这种想法并不是事实。
There is no doubt that the years up to eighteen or twenty are the best period for learning. Your own experience no doubt bears that out. And of course for most people more learning goes on faster up to the age of eighteen or twenty than ever after, even if they live to be older than Methuselah. (That is why vocabulary increases so rapidly for the first twenty years of life and comparatively at a snail’s pace thereafter.)
 
 
 
 
1. 玛土撒拉是《圣经》记载的寿命最长的人，他活了969岁。——泽者注
 
 
 
毫无疑问，18岁或者20岁之前是学习的最好阶段。你自己的经历也说明了这一点。而且，对于大多数人来说，哪怕他们比玛土撒拉1活的时间更长，他们吸收新知识更多、更快的阶段也主要是在18岁或20岁之前，而不是以后。（这一点也可以解释为什么人的词汇量在20岁之前可以突飞猛进，而在20岁之后增长速度却如蜗牛一般。）
But (and follow me closely)—
The fact that most learning is accomplished before the age of twenty does not mean that very little learning can be achieved beyond that
age.
What is done by most people and what can be done under proper guidance and motivation are two very, very different things—as scientific experiments have conclusively shown.
但是（请注意听我的）——
20岁之前完成大部分学习这一事实并不意味着20岁之后就没有什么可学的。
大多数人做的是一回事，而这些人在恰当的引导和激发之下能够做的完全是另一回事。这一点，科学实验已经给出了肯定的答案。
 
   Furthermore—
  The fact that your learning ability may be best up to age twenty does not mean that it is absolutely useless as soon as your twentieth birthday is passed.
  Quite the contrary.
  Edward Thorndike, the famous educational psychologist, found in experiments with people of all ages that although the learning curve rises spectacularly up to twenty, it remains steady for at least another five years. After that, ability to learn (according to Professor Thorndike) drops very, very slowly up to the age of thirty?five, and drops a bit more but still slowly beyond that age.
再者——
20岁之前人们的学习能力最佳并不意味着20岁之后学习能力的完全丧失。
事实并非如此。
通过对不同年龄段的人进行实验研究，著名教育心理学家爱德华·桑戴克发现，20岁之前，学习曲线增加速度非常明显；之后的至少5年，曲线仍然维持稳定；直到35岁之前，学习曲线以非常非常慢的速度下降（根据桑戴克教授的研究）；35岁之后，学习速度相对下降稍快，但总体下降速度仍然很慢。
 
  And—
  Right up to senility the total decrease in learning ability after age twenty is never more than 15 per cent!
  That does not sound, I submit, as if no one can ever learn anything new after the age of twenty.
  Believe me, the old saw that claims you cannot teach an old dog new tricks is a baseless, if popular, superstition.
而且——
从20岁直到完全衰老之前，学习能力的总下降幅度不大于15%！
我认为这个事实表明，并不是没有人能够在20岁之后学习新的知识。
相信我，认为“老狗学不会新花招”一类的观点虽然普遍，但却是毫无根据的盲目臆测。
 
  So I repeat: no matter what your age, you can go on learning efficiently, or start learning once again if perhaps you have stopped.
  You can be thirty, or forty, or fifty, or sixty, or seventy—or older.
  No matter what your age, you can once again increase your vocabulary at a prodigious rate—providing you recapture the “powerful urge to learn” that is the key to vocabulary improvement.
所以我要重申，无论你年龄有多大，你都可以继续有效地学习；或者如果你已经停止学习，你绝对可以重新开始。
无论你是30岁、40岁、50岁，还是60岁或70岁——甚至更加年长，你都可以重新开始学习。
无论你多大年龄，都可以重新以惊人的速度增加词汇，前提是，你必须重新获得增加词汇的关键——“强烈的学习欲望”。
 
  Not the urge to learn “words”—words are only symbols of ideas.
  But the urge to learn facts, theories, concepts, information, knowledge, understanding—call it what you will.
  Words are the symbols of knowledge, the keys to accurate thinking. Is it any wonder then that the most successful and intelligent people in this country have the biggest vocabularies?
  It was not their large vocabularies that made these people successful and intelligent, but their knowledge.
不是学习“词汇”的欲望——词汇仅仅是思想的符号。
而是学习事实、理论、概念、信息、知识和提高理解力的欲望——随你怎么称呼它。
词汇是知识的符号，是准确思维的关键。那么，一个国家最成功、最智慧的人士正是那些拥有最多词汇量的人，这一点也不足为奇。
其实，不是巨大的词汇量本身使这些人成功、聪慧，而是他们的知识。
 
  Knowledge, however, is gained largely through words,
  In the process of increasing their knowledge, these successful people increased their vocabularies.
  Just as children increase their vocabulary at a tremendous, phenomenal rate during those years when their knowledge is increasing most rapidly.
然而，知识很大程度上是通过词汇获得的。
在增加知识的过程中，这些成功人士也在增加词汇。
当儿童如饥似渴地以最快的速度吸收新知识的同时，他的词汇量也以惊人、显著的速度增长着。
  Knowledge is chiefly in the form of words, and from now on, in this book, you will be thinking about, and thinking with, new words and new ideas.
知识主要是以词汇的形式呈现的。从现在开始，在阅读本书的过程中，你将会思考新词汇、新概念，并用新词汇、新概念进行思考。
 
WHAT  THIS  BOOK  CAN  DO  FOR  YOU
 
这本书对你有何用
 
This book is designed to get you started building your vocabulary—effectively and at jet?propelled speed—by helping you regain the intellectual atmosphere, the keen, insatiable curiosity, the “powerful urge to learn” of your childhood.
  The organization of the book is based on two simple principles: 1) words are the verbal symbols of ideas, and 2) the more ideas you are familiar with, the more words you know.
本书的设计意在帮助你重新获得思考氛围，重拾儿童时代热忱的、永不满足的好奇心和“强烈的学习欲望”，以此使你开始增加词汇量。
本书的结构基于两条简明的准则：第一，词汇是概念的语言符号；第二，人们熟知的概念越多，词汇量也就越大。
 
So, chapter by chapter, we will start with some central idea—personality types, doctors, science, unusual occupations, liars, actions, speech habits, insults, compliments, etc. —and examine ten basic words that express various aspects of the idea. Then, using each word as a springboard, we will explore any others which are related to it in meaning or derivation, so that it is not unlikely that a single chapter may discuss, teach, and test close to one hundred important words.
所以，我们会逐章从最核心的概念出发——个性类型、医生、科学、不同寻常的职业、谎言制造者、行动、言语习惯、羞辱、赞扬等——然后对表达某一概念各个方面的10个基本词汇做出详尽解释。然后，以每个词汇为出发点，我们会挖掘意义上或者起源上与其相关的其他词汇。这样，每一章探讨、讲解、测验的词汇很可能达到100个。
Always, however, the approach will be from the idea. First there will be a “teaser preview” in which the ideas are briefly hinted at; then a “headline”, in which each idea is examined somewhat more closely; next a clear, detailed paragraph or more will analyze the idea in all its ramifications; finally the word itself, which you will meet only after you are completely familiar with the idea.
但是，本书的视角总是从概念出发。首先是“引读”，简要暗示概念；然后是“提要”，对每个概念进一步解释说明；接下来是更加清晰、详尽的段落（一个或者多个），对概念的方方面面进行分析；最后才是词汇，只有在你完全理解概念之后，词汇才会出现。
In the etymology (derivation of words) section, you will learn what Greek or Latin root gives the word its unique meaning and what other words contain the same, or related, roots. You will thus be continually working in related fields, and there will never be any possibility of confusion from “too muchness,” despite the great number of words taken up and tested in each chapter.
在词源（词汇衍生）部分，你将学习赋予词汇独特含义的希腊语和拉丁语词根；同时，也会了解其他哪些词语也包含同样或者相关的词根。这样，你会在相关的领域不断获取词汇，即使每个章节出现或者测试的单词再多，也不会因为“内容太多”而有混淆的可能。
 
Successful people have superior vocabularies. People who are intellectually alive and successful in the professional or business worlds are accustomed to dealing with ideas, are constantly on the search for new ideas, build their lives and their careers on the ideas they have learned. And it is to readers whose goal is successful living (in the broadest meaning of the word successful) that this book is addressed.
成功人士具有非常丰富的词汇量。那些头脑活跃，在专业领域或商界取得成功的成功人士，他们都善于思考概念，并不断寻求新的概念，在学到的概念之上改善生活、发展事业。这本书正是写给那些以“成功”（指最广泛意义上的成功）为目标的读者。
A  NOTE  ON  TIME  SCHEDULES
 
关于学习计划
 
  From my experience over many years in teaching, I have become a firm believer in setting a goal for all learning and a schedule for reaching that goal.
  You will discover that each chapter is divided into approximately equal sessions, and that each session will take from thirty to forty?five minutes of your time, depending on how rapidly or slowly you enjoy working —and bear in mind that everyone has an optimum rate of learning.
通过多年教学经验，我坚定地相信任何学习都要有确定的目标，为了达到目标，也必须制订学习计划。
你会发现，每一章被分为大致相等的几个小节，每个小节需要花费30到45分钟的时间。时间长短取决于你自己喜欢的速度——谨记，每个人都有自己的最佳学习速度。
For best results, do one or two sessions at a time—spaced studying, with time between sessions so that you can assimilate what you have learned, is far more efficient, far more productive, than gobbling up great amounts in indigestible chunks.
  Come back to the book every day, or as close to every day as the circumstances of your life permit.
  Find a schedule that is comfortable for you, and then stick to it.
为了达到最好效果，一次完成一或两个小节，合理分配小节与小节之间的间隔时间，这样你才能够吸收学到的内容。与囫囵吞枣一口气学大量内容相比，这种方法更高效，效果更佳。
每天学习一点点，或者根据你生活允许的情况安排时间，尽量做到每天学习。
找到适合自己的节奏，然后持之以恒。
Avoid interrupting your work until you have completed a full session, and always decide, before you stop, exactly when you will plan to pick up the book again.
  Working at your own comfortable rate, you will likely finish the material in two to three months, give or take a few weeks either way.
However long you take, you will end with a solid feeling of accomplishment, a new understanding of how English words work, and—most important—how to make words work for you.
在完成整个小节的内容之前，避免中断学习。在停歇之前确定下次学习的准确时间。
按照适合自己的节奏学习，你可能在两到三个月之内完成材料，时间上允许有几周的出入。
无论花费多长时间，你都会在最后获得踏实的成就感，重新理解英语词汇的功能，最重要的是，如何使用词汇为自己服务。
 
 
 
3
 
HOW  TO  TALK  ABOUT PERSONALITY  TYPES
 
如何描述个性类型
 
(Sessions 1?3 )
 
 
 
TEASER PREVIEW
 
引读
 
What word best describes your personality if you:
* are interested solely in your own welfare？
* constantly talk about yourself？
* dedicate your life to helping others？
* turn your mind inward？
* turn your mind outward？
* hate humanity？
* hate women？
* hate marriage？
* lead a lonely, austere existence？
 
如何分别描述下列各项体现的人物个性：
* 他只关心自己的安乐
* 他不停地谈论关于自己的一切
* 他将自己的生命致力于帮助他人
* 他思想内敛
* 他思想外张
* 他愤世嫉俗
* 他讨厌女性
* 他畏惧婚姻
* 他喜欢独处，对自己的道德要求严格
 
SESSION 1
第1节
 
 
Every human being is, in one way or another, unique.
  Everyone’s personality is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
  Let us examine ten personality types (one of which might by chance be your very own) that result from the way culture, growth, family background, and environment interact with heredity.
  And, of course, we begin not with the words, but with the ideas.
每个人都是独一无二的，或以这样的方式，或以那样的方式。
每个人的个性都由基因和环境因素组合决定。
下面让我们剖析10种个性类型（其中一种可能碰巧就是你的个性类型），这10种个性类型是文化、成长、家庭背景和环境与遗传相互作用的结果。
当然，我们从概念入手，而非词汇。
 
IDEAS
 
概念
 
 
1. me first
以我为先
Your attitude to life is simple, direct, and aboveboard—every decision you make is based on the answer to one question: “What’s in it for me?” If your selfishness, greed, and ruthless desire for self?advancement hurt other people, that’s too bad. “This is a tough world, pal, dog eat dog and all that, and I, for one, am not going to be left behind!”
An egoist
 
这样的人对生活的态度简单、直接、明了——他所做的每个决定都基于对一个问题的回答：“这件事会给我带来什么？”如果他为了得到自我利益而表现出的自私、贪婪和无情的欲望伤害到他人，那只能怪别人太倒霉了。“朋友，这是一个无情的世界，狗咬狗，人人都为自己，而我呢？我在这方面也绝不会落后于他人。”
他是一个egoist（利己主义者）。
2. the height of conceit
自负至极
 
“Now, let’s see. Have you heard about all the money I’m making? Did I tell you about my latest amorous conquest? Let me give you my opinion—I know, because I’m an expert at practically everything!” You are boastful to the point of being obnoxious—you have only one string to your conversational violin, namely, yourself; and on it you play a number of monotonous variations: what you think, what you have done, how good you are, how you would solve the problems of the world, etc. ad nauseam.1
 
 
1. etc.ad nauseam：etc.拉丁语et cetera的简写形式，意为“及其他等等”，“诸如此类”；ad nauseam，拉丁语，意为“令人作呕的”。这两个词放在一起etc.adnauseam即意为“还有很多其他令人作呕的言语”。——译者注
An egotist
“现在大家听好了。你们听说过我赚到了多少大钱吗？我是否告诉过你们我最近的一次成功艳遇？让我来告诉你我的观点——我非常了解，因为我几乎在任何事情上都是专家！”这个家伙的自夸程度已经达到了令人相当厌恶的程度——他用来演奏的小提琴上只有一根琴弦，这根琴弦就是他自己；而在这唯一的一根琴弦上，他却演奏出了太多单调乏味的曲调：他的观点是什么，他做过什么，他有多么优秀，他会如何处理身边的问题，还有很多其他令人作呕的言语。
他是一个egotist（自大者）。
3. let me help you
让我来帮助你
 
You have discovered the secret of true happiness—concerning yourself with the welfare of others. Never mind your own interests, how’s the next fellow getting along?
An altruist      
他已经发现了幸福的真正秘密——将自己和他人的安乐联系起来。他从不考虑自己的利益，从不考虑下一个伙计是否好相处？
他是一个altruist（利他主义者）。
4. leave me alone
离我远点儿
 
Like a biochemist studying a colony of bacteria under the microscope, you minutely examine your every thought, feeling, and action. Probing, futile questions like “What do other people think of me?”, “How do I look?”, and “Maybe I shouldn’t have said that?” are your constant nagging companions, for you are unable to realize that other people do not spend as much time and energy analyzing you as you think.
  You may seem unsocial, yet your greatest desire is to be liked and accepted. You may be shy and quiet, you are often moody and unhappy, and you prefer solitude or at most the company of one person to a crowd. You have an aptitude for creative work and are uncomfortable engaging in activities that require co?operation with other people. You may even be a genius, or eventually turn into one.
                                                                   An introvert
 
像一位生物化学家正研究着显微镜下的一团细菌，他每时每刻都在审视自己的观点、体会和行为。他无休无止地在心里唠叨，刨根问底地追问自己一些没有答案的问题：“其他人对我有怎样的看法？”“我看起来怎么样？”“我可能不应该那样说？”因为他意识不到别人根本不会花费那么多时间和精力去像他一样分析他自己。
他看起来可能并不擅长交际，但是他最大的愿望却是被别人喜欢、接受。他可能很害羞，喜欢安静；他经常会情绪化，不开心；他更喜欢独处，或者他宁愿身边只有一个人陪伴，也不要一群人的喧闹。他对于需要创造力的工作颇有天资；而当需要和他人配合时，他就会很不自在。他甚至有可能是个天才，或者最终总会成为天才。
 
他是一个introvert（内向的人）。
5. let’s do it together
让我们合作吧
 
You would be great as a teacher, counselor, administrator, insurance agent. You can always become interested—sincerely, vitally interested—in other people’s problems. You’re the life of the party, because you never worry about the effect of your actions, never inhibit yourself with doubts about dignity or propriety. You are usually happy, generally full of high spirits; you love to be with people—lots of people. Your thoughts, your interests, your whole personality are turned outward.
An extrovert  
 
他会是出色的教师、顾问、行政官员、保险代理人。因为他总能全心全意地、热情地被他人的问题所吸引。他从不担心自己的行为会造成怎样的后果，也从来不因担心自己的行为会有损尊严、不合时宜而约束自己，所以他是掌控全局的人。他总是处于兴奋的状态，情绪亢奋，他喜欢和人相处——人越多越好。他的思想，他的兴趣，他的整个人格都是外张的。
他是一个extrovert（外向的人）。
6. neither extreme
与大多数人相同
You have both introverted and extroverted tendencies—at different times and on different occasions. Your interests are turned, in about equal proportions, both inward and outward. Indeed, you’re quite normal—in the sense that your personality is like that of most people.
An ambivert 
 
他既有内向、又有外向的性格倾向——不同的时间和不同的场合表现不同。他的兴趣既内敛，又外张，两者比例大致相同。他的性格符合大多数人的特点，从这个意义上来说，他非常正常。
他是一个ambivert（中向性格者）。
7. people are no damn good
没有人是好东西
Cynical, embittered, suspicious, you hate everyone. (Especially, but never to be admitted, yourself?) The perfectibility of the human race? “Nonsense! No way!” The stupidity, the meanness, and the crookedness of most mortals (“Most? Probably all!”)—that is your favorite theme.
A misanthrope
 
他愤世嫉俗，他充满怨恨，他疑心重重，他讨厌任何人（尤其是他自己，不过从不承认？）。如果你问：“人类物种真的可以近乎完美吗？”他会说：“胡说！不可能!”大多数人都愚蠢、卑鄙、狡诈（“大多数？可能所有人都是这个死样！”）——这才是他最喜欢讨论的主题。
他是一个misanthrope（厌世者）。
8. women are no damn good
没有一个女人是好东西
Sometime in your dim past, you were crossed, scorned, or deeply wounded by a woman (a mother, or mother figure, perhaps?). So now you have a carefully constructed defense against further hurt—you hate all women.
A misogynist
 
在他阴暗不幸的过去的某个时刻，他曾被某个女人阻挠、讥笑或者深深地伤害(这个女人或许是一位母亲或者是母亲一样的人？)所以现在，他仔细地构筑了防卫心理，以预防遭到更深的伤害——他憎恨、惧怕所有的女性。
他是一个misogynist（厌恶女人的人）。
 
9. “marriage is an institution—and who wants to live in an institution?”
“婚姻就是约束——谁又愿意在约束中活着呢？”
You will not make the ultimate legal commitment. Members of the opposite sex are great as lovers, roommates, apartment?or house?sharers, but not as lawfully wedded spouses. The ties that bind are too binding for you. You may possibly believe, and possibly, for yourself, be right, that a commitment is deeper and more meaningful if freedom is available without judicial proceedings.
                                                       A misogamist
 
他永远不会给出最终的法律承诺。异性成员作为情人、室友、公寓或房屋合租人都是不错的选择，但是他们成为合法婚姻伴侣就不行了。使夫妻紧紧相连的纽带对他来说是过度的束缚。他可能持有这样的信条，而且对他本人来说可能也是正确的，就是无需司法程序的约束、保留自由空间的承诺更为深刻、更有意义。
他是一个misogamist（厌恶结婚的人）。
 
10. “... that the flesh is heir to...”
“……身心的疼痛无法逃避，这才叫圆满……”
 
Self?denial, austerity, lonely contemplation—these are the characteristics of the good life, so you claim. The simplest food and the least amount of it that will keep body and soul together, combined with abstinence from fleshly, earthly pleasures, will eventually lead to spiritual perfection—that is your philosophy.
                                                        An ascetic      
 
自我否定、禁欲、独自冥想——他宣称这些才是幸福生活的特征。只食用维持人类不会死去的、最简单、最少量的食物，禁止享受任何肉体的、人间的乐趣，才能够最终达到精神上的圆满——这就是他的哲学。
他是一个ascetic（禁欲主义者）。
 
 
USING  THE  WORDS
 
单词应用
 
You have been introduced to ten valuable words—but in each case, as you have noticed, you have first considered the ideas that these words represent. Now say the words—each one is respelled phonetically so that you will be sure to pronounce it correctly.1

 
Say each word aloud. This is the first important step to complete mastery. As you hear a word in your own voice, think of its meaning. Are you quite clear about it? If not, reinforce your learning by rereading the explanatory paragraph or paragraphs.
 
你已经阅读对于以上10个有价值的单词的介绍——正如你所注意到的一样，每种个性类型之下，你都是最先获得词汇所代表的概念。现在我们读这些词汇——每个单词都按照发音重新拼写，保证你的发音完全正确。
大声读出每个单词。这是完全掌握词汇的关键步骤之一。当你听到单词从自己口中读出时，思考单词的意义。你是否对单词的含义有了彻底的了解？如果没有完全掌握，你可以再看相关的解释，巩固之前的学习。
 
 
Can you pronounce the words?
 
你能读出这些单词吗？
 
1. egoistEE′?gō?ist
 
 
 
1. See Introduction, Section 2, Master the pronunciation system.
参见第二节介绍，掌握发音系统
2. egotist                   EE′?gō?tist
3. altruist                  AL′?troo?ist
4. introvert                 IN′?tr??vurt′
5. extrovert                EKS′?tr??vurt′
6. ambivert                 AM′?b??vurt′
7. misanthrope             MIS′??n?thrōp′
 8. misogynist               m??SOJ′???nist
 9. misogamist              m??SOG′???mist
10. ascetic                 ??SET′?ik
 
 
Can you work with the words?
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？
 
You have taken two long steps toward mastery of the expressive words in this chapter—you have thought about the ideas behind them, and you have said them aloud.
 
For your third step, match each personality with the appropriate characteristic, action, or attitude.
在掌握本章表示个性类型词汇的道路上，你已经向前迈进了两大步——你不仅已经思考了词汇背后隐藏的概念，也大声地朗读了这些词汇。
第三步是做以下练习，在右栏中挑选出与左栏词汇相对应的个性类型。
 
1. egoista. turns thoughts inward
2. egotist
b. hates marriage
3. altruist
c. talks about accomplishments
4. introvert
d. hates people
5. extrovert
e. does not pursue pleasures of the flesh
6. ambivert
f. is interested in the welfare of others
7. misanthrope
g. believes in self?advancement
8. misogynist
h. turns thoughts both inward and outward
9. misogamist
i. hates women
10. ascetic
j. turns thoughts outward
 
 
KEY：1?g, 2?c, 3?f, 4?a, 5?j, 6?h, 7?d, 8?i, 9?b, 10?e
 
 
 
Do you understand the words?
 
你对词汇是否已经透彻地理解？
 
Now that you are becoming more and more involved in these ten words, find out if they can make an immediate appeal to your understanding. Here are ten questions—can you indicate, quickly, and without reference to any previous definitions, whether the correct answer to each of these questions is yes or no？
 
现在，既然你已经越来越熟悉这些词汇，我们来测试你是否能在看到词汇之后立即做出联想。以下是10个问题——你是否能以最快的速度判断出每个问题的对错（注意不能参考之前的定义）？
 
 
1. Is an egoist selfish?
YESNO
2. Is modesty one of the characteristics of the egotist?
YESNO
3. Is an altruist selfish?YESNO
4. Does an introvert pay much attention to himself?
YESNO
5. Does an extrovert prefer solitude to companionship?
YESNO
6. Are most normal people ambivert?
YESNO
7. Does a misanthrope like people?
YESNO
8. Does a misogynist enjoy the company of women?
YESNO
9. Does an ascetic lead a life of luxury?
YESNO
10. Does a misogamist try to avoid marriage?
YESNO
 
 
KEY：1?yes, 2?no, 3?no, 4?yes, 5?no, 6?yes, 7?no, 8?no, 9?no, 10?yes
 
 
 
Can you recall the words?
 
你能够写出这些词汇吗?
 
You have thus far reinforced your learning by saying the words aloud, by matching them to their definitions, and by responding to meaning when they were used in context.
 
Can you recall each word, now, without further reference to previous material? And can you spell it correctly?
 
你已经完成了新词的发音练习，并将词汇和定义配对，回答了有关词汇含义的问题。
在不参考前面资料的情况下，你还记得每一个词吗？你能根据简短的定义在右侧拼写出正确的单词吗？
 
1. Who lives a lonely, austere life?1. A
2. Whose interests are turned outward?          2. E
3. Who is supremely selfish?          3. E
4. Who hates people?               4. M
5. Whose interests are turned both inward and
 
outward?       5. A
6. Who is incredibly conceited?        6. E
7. Who is more interested in the welfare of others
 
than in his own?      7. A
8. Who hates women?     8. M
 9. Whose interests are turned inward?          9. I
10. Who hates marriage?10. M
 
 
 
KEY: 1?ascetic, 2?extrovert, 3?egoist, 4?misanthrope, 5?ambivert,  6?egotist,  7?altruist,  8?misogynist,  9?introvert,10?misogamist
 
 
 
 
(End of Session 1) 
 
 
SESSION 2
第2节
 
ORIGINS  AND  RELATED  WORDS
 
词源及相关词汇
 
Every word in the English language has a history—and these ten are no exception. In this section you will learn a good deal more about the words you have been working with; in addition, you will make excursions into many other words allied either in meaning, form, or history to our basic ten.
英语的每个单词都有一段历史——这里的10个单词也不例外。在这个部分，你将更深入地了解这10个单词。此外，你也会认识和这10个基本词汇在词义、词形或者词源上相关的其他一些词汇。
 
1. the ego
词根：ego（我）
 
Egoist and egotist are built on the same Latin root—the pronoun ego, meaning I. I is the greatest concern in the egoist’s mind, the most overused word in the egotist’s vocabulary. (Keep the words differentiated in your own mind by thinking of the t in talk, and the additional t in egotist.) Ego itself has been taken over from Latin as an important English word and is commonly used to denote one’s concept of oneself, as in, “What do you think your constant criticisms do to my ego?” Ego has also a special meaning in psychology—but for the moment you have enough problems without going into that.
If you are an egocentric (ee′?gō?SEN′?trik), you consider yourself the center of the universe—you are an extreme form of the egoist. And if you are an egomaniac (ee′?gō?MAY′?nee?ak), you carry egoism to such an extreme that your needs, desires, and interests have become a morbid obsession, a mania. The egoist or egotist is obnoxious, the egocentric is intolerable, and the egomaniac is dangerous and slightly mad.
Egocentric is both a noun (“What an egocentric her new roommate is!”) and an adjective (“He is the most egocentric person I have ever met！”).
To derive the adjective form of egomaniac, add ?al, a common adjective suffix. Say the adjective aloud:
egomaniacalee′?gō?m??N?′???k?l
 
Egoist和Egotist两个词具有相同的拉丁语词根——代词ego，意为“我”。“我”是egoist（利己主义者）最关心的问题，也是egotist（自大者）的词汇里出现最频繁的词。（egotist比egoist多了字母t，把t想做talk中的t，这样便于区分egoist和egotist。）英语将ego从拉丁语中借入，ego成为了一个非常重要的英语单词，通常被用来指人们对自我的意识，例如：“你认为你不断地批评会对我有怎样的影响？”Ego在心理学中具有特殊含义——在这里我们不做过多介绍，因为你已经有足够多的问题了。
一个egocentric（以自我为中心的人）会把自己视为全宇宙的中心——他是egoist的极端。而一个egomaniac（自大狂）会将egoism发挥到极致，他病态地着迷于自己的需要、欲望和兴趣，变成了mania(狂热)。egoist或者egotist令人讨厌，egocentric让人无法忍受，而egomaniac就有些危险，并且轻度疯癫。
egocentric既是名词（“她的新室友真是个以自我为中心的人！”），又是形容词（“他是我见过的最以自我为中心的人！”）。
在egomaniac的词尾添加常见形容词后缀?al，便得到形容词形式。大声朗读形容词：egomaniacal，ee′?gō?m??N?′???k?l。
 
 
2. others
 
词根：others（他者）
 
In Latin, the word for other is alter, and a number of valuable English words are built on this root.
拉丁语中表示“他者”的词是alter，许许多多宝贵的英语词汇都建立在这个词根之上。
Altruism (AL′?troo?iz??m), the philosophy practiced by altruists, comes from one of the variant spellings of Latin alter, other. Altruistic (al?troo?lS′?tik) actions look toward the benefit of others. If you alternate (AWL′?t?r?nayt′), you skip one and take the other, so to speak, as when you play golf on alternate (AWL′?t?r?n?t) Saturdays.
Altruism是altruist的处世哲学，两个词来源于拉丁词alter拼写变体之一，意思是“他者”。altruistic行为顾及他人的利益。如果你alternate，你会跳过一个而选择另外一个。例如，you play golf on alternate Saturdays是指“你这个周六不打高尔夫，下个周六打”。
An alternate (AWL′?t?r?n?t) in a debate, contest, or convention is the other person who will take over if the original choice is unable to attend. And if you have no alternative (awl?TUR′?n??tiv), you have no other choice.
辩论、竞赛或者会议中的alternate，是指当原选手无法参加时，需要有其他人来取代他。而当说你没有别的alternative时，是指你没有其他选择。
 
You see how easy it is to understand the meanings of these words once you realize that they all come from the same source.And keeping in mind that alter means other, you can quickly understand words like alter ego, altercation, and alteration.
你瞧，只要你意识到他们来自于同样的词根，理解这些词汇就变得非常容易。知道了alter就是other（其他）的意思，你就能够很快理解alter ego，altercation和alteration的词义。
An alteration (awl′?t??RAY′?sh?n) is of course a change—a making into something other. When you alter (AWL′?t?r) your plans, you make other plans.
Alteration当然表示一种变化——变成其他的东西。当你alter（改变）你的计划时，你也就是做了其他的计划。
An altercation (awl′?t?r?KAY′?sh?n) is a verbal dispute. When you have an altercation with someone, you have a violent disagreement, a “fight” with words. And why? Because you have other ideas, plans, or opinions than those of the person on the other side of the argument. Altercation, by the way, is stronger than quarrel or dispute—the sentiment is more heated, the disagreement is likely to be angry or even hot?tempered, there may be recourse, if the disputants are human, to profanity or obscenity. You have altercations, in short, over pretty important issues, and the word implies that you get quite excited.
altercation是指言语上的争执——当你和别人有altercation时，你们会有激烈的争吵，一场文字“战斗”。为什么？因为你和对方有不同的（其他的）观点、计划或主张。顺便说一句，altercation在某种程度上要比quarrel（争吵）或者dispute（争执）强烈——情绪更加火爆，双方会很生气，甚至大发雷霆；如果争执者是人类，甚至可能会使用不敬或者淫秽的言语。简而言之，你会在重大问题上发生争吵，althrcations一词也意味着你会变得非常激愤。
Alter ego (AWL′?t?r EE′?gō), which combines alter, other, with ego, I, self, generally refers to someone with whom you are so close that you both do the same things, think alike, react similarly, and are, in temperament, almost mirror images of each other. Any such friend is your other I, your other self, your alter ego.
Alter ego（知己、密友）将alter（另一个）和我们刚刚学习的ego（我）结合起来，是指和你关系非常亲密的人，他和你做同样的事情，有相像的思维方式，会做出类似的反应，而在性格上，你们几乎是彼此的镜中影像。任何这样的朋友都是你的另一个我，你的另一个自己，你的alter ego。
 
USING  THE  WORDS
 
单词应用
 
Can you pronounce the words?
 
你能读出这些单词吗？
 
  Digging a little into the derivation of three of our basic words, egoist, egotist, and altruist, has put us in touch with two important Latin roots, ego, I, self, and alter, other, and has made it possible for us to explore, with little difficulty, many other words derived from these roots. Pause now, for a moment, to digest these new acquisitions, and to say them aloud.
深入地剖析3个基本词汇egoist，egotist和altruist的派生词，使我们接触到了两个重要的拉丁词根ego（我）和alter（另外的，其他），也使我们能够毫不费力地探究由这些词根派生的其他词汇。现在让我们停下来消化这些新内容，大声读出这些单词。
 
1. egoEE′?gō
2. egocentricee?gō?SEN′?trik
3. egomaniacee?gō?MAY′?nee?ak
4. egomaniacalee′?gō?m??N?′???k?l
5. altruismAL′?troo?iz??m
6. altruistical?troo?IS′?tik
7. to alternate（v.）AWL′?t?r?nayt′
8. alternate (adj. or noun) AWL′?t?r?n?t
9. alternativeawl?TUR′?n??tiv
10. alterationawl′?t?r?AY′?sh?n
11. to alterAWL′?t?r
12. altercationawl′?t?r?KAY′?sh?n
13. alter egoAWL′?t?r EE′?gō
 
Can you work with the words? (Ⅰ)
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？(Ⅰ)
 
You have seen how these thirteen words derive from the two Latin roots ego, I, self, and alter, other, and you have pronounced them aloud and thereby begun to make them part of your active vocabulary.
  Are you ready to match definitions to words?
你已经看到这13个词汇是如何从两个拉丁语词根派生而来：ego（我）和alter（其他）。你已经大声朗读了它们，因此，你已经开始使它们成为你主动词汇的一部分。
准备好为这些词选择正确的解释了吗？
1. egoa. one who is excessively fixated on his own desires, needs, etc.
2. egocentric
b. to change
3. altruism
c. argument
4. to alternate
d. one’s concept of oneself
5. to alter
e. take one, skip one, etc.
6. altercation
f. philosophy of putting another’s welfare above one’s own
 
 
KEY：1?d, 2?a, 3?f, 4?e, 5?b, 6?c
 
 
Can you work with the words? (II)
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？(Ⅱ)
 
 
1. egomaniacal
a. a change
2. altruistic
b. other possible
3. alternative
c. interested in the welfare of others
4. alteration
d. one’s other self
5. alter ego
e. a choice
6. alternate (adj.)
f. morbidly, obsessively wrapped up in oneself
 
 
 
KEY：1?f, 2?c, 3?e, 4?a, 5?d, 6?b
 
 
Do you understand the words?
 
你对词汇是否已经透彻地理解？
 
If you have begun to understand these thirteen words, you will be able to respond to the following questions.
如果你已经开始理解这13个词汇，你就能够快速并正确地对以下问题做出回答。
1. Is rejection usually a blow to one’s ego?
YESNO
2. Are egocentric people easy to get along with?YESNO
3. Does an egomaniac have a normal personality?YESNO
4. Are egomaniacal tendencies a sign of maturity? YESNO
5. Is altruism a characteristic of selfish people?YESNO
6. Are altruistic tendencies common to egoists?YESNO
7. Is an alternate plan necessarily inferior?
YES
NO
8. Does an alternative allow you some freedom of choice?
YES
NO
9. Does alteration imply keeping things the same?
YESNO
10. Do excitable people often engage in altercations?
YESNO
11. Is your alter ego usually quite similar to yourself?
YES
NO
 
 
KEY：1?yes, 2?no, 3?no, 4?no, 5?no, 6?no, 7?no, 8?yes, 9?no, 10?yes, 11?yes
 
 
Can you recall the words?
 
你能够写出这些词汇吗?
 
Have you learned these words so well that you can summon each one from your mind when a brief definition is offered? Review first if necessary; then, without further reference to previous pages, write the correct word in each blank. Make sure to check your spelling when you refer to the Key.
你对这些单词的学习是否已经达到了根据简短的定义想起相应词汇的程度？如果有必要，首先复习之前学习的内容，然后在不参考前面内容的前提下，在空格中写出恰当的词。对照答案的时候记住也检查你的拼写是否正确。
 
1. one’s other self       1. A
2. to change        2. A
3. a heated dispute                 3. A
4. excessively, morbidly obsessed with one’s own     4. E
 
needs, desires, or ambitions
5. unselfish; more interested in the welfare of  5. A
 
others than in one’s own
6. utterly involved with oneself; self?centered      6. E
7. a choice          7. A
8. one who substitutes for another      8. A
 
 
 
KFY: 1?alter ego, 2?alter, 3?altercation, 4?egomaniacal, 5?altruistic, 6?egocentric, 7?alternative, 8?alternate
 
 
 
 
(End of Session 2)
 
 
 
SESSION 3
第3节
 
ORIGINS  AND  RELATED  WORDS
 
词源及相关词汇
1. depends how you turn
 
词义取决于你如何“转向”
 
Introvert, extrovert, and ambivert are built on the Latin verb verto, to turn. If your thoughts are constantly turned inward (intro?), you are an introvert; outward (extro?), an extrovert; and in both directions (ambi?), an ambivert. The prefix ambi?, both, is also found in ambidextrous (am′?b??DEKS′?tr?s), able to use both hands with equal skill. The noun is ambidexterity (am′?b??deks?TAIR′???tee).
 
introvert，extrovert和ambivert 3个词的构词基于拉丁语动词verto，意为turn（转向）。如果你的思想总是转向内部（intro），你就是个introvert；思想转向外部（extro），你就是个extrovert；如果两种（ambi）情况都有发生，你就是个ambivert。前缀ambi?也出现在单词ambidextrous中，ambi意为both（两者），整个词表示“能够同样熟练地使用双手的”。其名词形式为ambidexterity。
Dexterous (DEKS′?t??r?s) means skillful, the noun dexterity (deks?TAIR′???tee) is skill. The ending ?ous is a common adjective suffix (famous, dangerous, perilous, etc.); ?ity is a common noun suffix (vanity, quality, simplicity, etc.).
   (Spelling caution: Note that the letter following the t? in ambidextrous is ?r, but that in dexterous the next letter is ?e.)
  Dexter is actually the Latin word for right hand—in the ambidextrous person, both hands are right hands, so to speak.
Dexterous表示“有技巧的”，名词dexterity表示“技巧”。结尾的?ous 是常见的形容词后缀，（例如famous, dangerous, perilous等）；?ity是常见的名词后缀（例如vanity, quality, simplicity等）。
（拼写要点：注意在ambidextrous中t后面是r,而在dexterous中，t后面的字母则是e.）
Dexter在拉丁语中表示“右手”——可以说，一个ambidextrous的人的两只手都是右手。
 
The right hand is traditionally the more skillful one; it is only within recent decades that we have come to accept that “lefties” or “southpaws” are just as normal as anyone else—and the term left?handed is still used as a synonym of awkward.
通常右手是更有技巧的手；只是在近代我们才逐渐接受“善用左手的人”或者“左撇子”也和其他人一样正常——而人们仍然将left?handed视为“笨拙”的同义词。
The Latin word for the left hand is sinister. This same word, in English, means threatening, evil, or dangerous, a further commentary on our early suspiciousness of left?handed persons. There may still be some parents who insist on forcing left?handed children to change (though left?handedness is inherited, and as much an integral part of its possessor as eye color or nose shape), with various unfortunate results to the child—sometimes stuttering or an inability to read with normal skill.
“左手”对应的拉丁语是sinister。在英语里，sinister表示“险恶的”“邪恶的”或者“危险的”，人们习惯上对于善用左手的人持猜疑的态度，所以，这个词汇的含义又是对这一点的进一步诠释。现在，仍然有一些家长坚持让天生左撇子的孩子做出改变（尽管左手习惯是从父母继承而来，与眼睛的颜色和鼻子的形状一样，都是我们不可或缺的一部分），这可能会带来各种各样不幸的结果——通常是结巴或者丧失正常的阅读技巧。
 
   The French word for the left hand is gauche, and, as you would suspect, when we took this word over into English we invested it with an uncomplimentary meaning. Call someone gauche (G?SH) and you imply clumsiness, generally social rather than physical. (We’re fight back to our age?old misconception that left?handed people are less skillful than right?handed ones.) A gauche remark is tactless; a gauche offer of sympathy is so bumbling as to be embarrassing; gaucherie (G?′?sh??ree) is an awkward, clumsy, tactless, embarrassing way of saying things or of handling situations. The gauche person is totally without finesse.
左手的法语词是gauche。正如你猜到的一样，当这个词被借入到英语中时，人们会赋予它贬义。称人为gauche，就是在暗示他笨拙，通常都是指社交方面而非身体方面。（现在你会发现，我们又回到了对善用左手的人的传统错误观点，认为他们没有其他人灵巧。）Gauche remark意为“不机智的言语”；a gauche offer of sympathy指笨拙地表达同情心，反而令人难堪；gaucherie是指说话或者处理问题的方式奇怪、笨拙、缺乏策略、令人难堪。the gauche person指“完全不机智的这类人”。
  And the French word for the right hand is droit, which we have used in building our English word adroit (??DROYT′). Needless to say, adroit, like dexterous, means skillful, but especially in the exercise of the mental facilities. Like gauche, adroit, or its noun adroitness, usually is used figuratively. The adroit person is quick?witted, can get out of difficult spots cleverly, can handle situations ingeniously. Adroitness is, then, quite the opposite of gaucherie.
 
法语中表示右手的词是droit，在构建英语词adroit时使用了这个词。毋庸置疑，adroit和dexterous一样，指“有技巧的”，但通常用来指脑力劳动方面。和gauche一样，adroit及其名词形式adroitness通常都用来表示象征性的含义。adroit person反应灵敏，能够机智地摆脱困境，能够有才能地掌控局势。名词adroitness和gaucherie是一对反义词。
2. love, hate, and marriage
 
爱，恨和婚姻
 
Misanthrope, misogynist, and misogamist are built on the Greek root misein, to hate. The misanthrope hates mankind (Greek anthropos, mankind); the misogynist hates women (Greek gyne, woman); the misogamist hates marriage (Greek gamos, marriage).
Anthropos, mankind, is also found in anthropology (an?thr??POL′???jee), the study of the development of the human race; and in philanthropist (f??LAN′?thr??pist), one who loves mankind and shows such love by making substantial financial contributions to charitable organizations or by donating time and energy to helping those in need.
 
Misanthrope, misogynist和misogamist三个词的构词基于希腊语词根misein，意为“憎恨”。misanthrope憎恨人类（anthropos，希腊语，人）；misogynist憎恨女人（gyne，希腊语，女人）；misogamist憎恨婚姻（gamos，希腊语，婚姻）。
anthropos指人类，出现在另外两个词中：anthropology指对人类的研究，人类学；philanthropist（慈善家）——指热爱人们、通过向慈善机构做出大量财富贡献或奉献时间和精力帮助那些有需要的人们来表现爱的人。
  The root gyne,woman, is also found in gynecologist (jin??KOL′???jist). the medical specialist who treats female disorders. And the root gamos, marriage, occurs also in monogamy (m??NOG′???mee), bigamy (BIG′???mee), and polygamy (p??LIG′???mee).
  (As we will discover later, monos means one, bi? means two, polys means many.)
   So monogamy is the custom of only one marriage (at a time).
  Bigamy, by etymology, is two marriages—in actuality, the unlawful act of contracting another marriage without divorcing one’s current legal spouse.
词根gyne指女人，也出现在gynecologist中，gynecologist指专门医治女性疾病的医生。gamos指婚姻，出现在monogamy, bigamy,和polygamy等词中。
（我们在之后的内容会发现mono表示一个，bi?表示两个，polys表示多个。）
所以，monogamy是指一夫一妻制的习俗。
从词源角度讲，bigamy是同时存在的两次婚姻，这是在未与目前合法配偶离婚的基础上与另外一个配偶结婚的不合法行为。
  And polygamy, by derivation many marriages, and therefore etymologically denoting plural marriage for either males or females, in current usage generally refers to the custom practiced in earlier times by the Mormons, and before them by King Solomon, in which the man has as many wives as he can afford financially and/or emotionally. The correct, but rarely used, term for this custom is polygyny (p??LIJ′???nee)—polys, many, plus gyne, woman.
  What if a woman has two or more husbands, a form of marriage practiced in the Himalaya Mountains of Tibet? That custom is called polyandry (pol?ee?AN′?dree), from polys plus Greek andros, male.
polygamy从派生角度表示多次婚姻，因此，从词源角度讲表示男性或女性多次婚姻。目前，这个用法通常用来表示早期摩门教以及比摩门教更早的所罗门国王施行的习俗，在这些时代，男性可以迎娶许多妻子，只要他在经济上和（或）情感上能够承担得起。这种习俗的正确形式是polygyny，由polys（许多）和gyne（女人）组成，但是人们较少使用这个形式。
居住在西藏喜马拉雅山的人们奉行的一种婚姻形式是一个女人拥有两个或更多个丈夫，我们应该如何称呼这种婚姻呢？这种习俗被称为polyandry，由polys和希腊语表示男性的词汇andros组成。
 
3. making friends with suffixes
 
与后缀组成新单词
 
English words have various forms, using certain suffixes for nouns referring to persons, other suffixes for practices, attitudes, philosophies, etc, and still others for adjectives.
通过使用某些表示人的名词后缀，表示行为、态度、哲学等的后缀，以及其他表示形容词的后缀，英语词汇能够衍变出许多不同形式。
  Consider:
Person       Practice, etc.Adjective
 1. misanthrope or           misanthropy        misanthropic
misanthropist
 2. misogynist               misogyny           misogynous or
                                              misogynistic
 3. gynecologist              gynecology         gynecological
 4. monogamist              monogamy            monogamous
 5. bigamist                   bigamy               bigamous
 6. polygamist                 polygamy             polygamous
 7. polygynist                 polygyny              polygynous
 8. polyandrist                 polyandry             polyandrous
 9. philanthropist             philanthropy           philanthropic
10. anthropologist    anthropology        anthropological
 
You will note, then, that ?ist is a common suffix for a person; ?y for a practice, attitude, etc.; and ?ic or ?ous for an adjective.
你会注意到，?ist常常用作表示人的后缀，后缀?y表示行为、态度等，?ic或?ous表示形容词。
 
 
4. living alone and liking it
 
独自居住并乐此不疲
 
  Ascetic is from the Greek word asketes, monk or hermit.
  A monk lives a lonely life—not for him the pleasures of the fleshpots, the laughter and merriment of convivial gatherings, the dissipation of high living. Rather, days of contemplation, study, and rough toil, nights on a hard bed in a simple cell, and the kind of self?denial that leads to a purification of the soul.
  That person is an ascetic who leads an existence, voluntarily of course, that compares in austerity, simplicity, and rigorous hardship with the life of a monk.
  The practice is asceticism (??SET′???siz??m), the adjective ascetic.
 
 
ascetic来源于拉丁语asketes，指和尚或者隐士。
和尚独自生活——寻欢作乐的愉悦、酒宴聚会中的欢笑和喜悦、放荡的上流生活，都不是他的追求。相反，不分昼夜地冥想、学习，身体的辛劳，在简陋的棚屋里硬板床上度过无数个夜晚，以及能够达到心灵净化的自我否定，这些才是他的目标。
 
那个能够自发地过和尚一样禁欲、简单、艰苦生活的人，就可以被称为ascetic。
其行为叫做asceticism，形容词形式是ascetic。
 
REVIEW  OF  ETYMOLOGY
 
复习词源
 
Notice how efficiently you can master words by understanding their etymological structure. Stop for a moment to review the roots, prefixes, and suffixes you have studied. Can you recall a word we have discussed in this chapter that is built on the indicated prefix, root, or suffix?
注意从词源结构入手掌握新单词是多么有效。重新复习一下你已经学到的词根、前缀和后缀。你能想起来在本章中学习过的一个新单词吗？这个单词包含我们已经介绍过的前缀、词根或后缀。
 
PREFIX, ROOT,
SUFFIX      MEANING          EXAMPLE
 1. ego            self, I         
 2. alter            other                   
 3. intro?          inside          
 4. extro?           outside           
 5. verto            turn          
 6. ambi?          both          
 7. misein         hate         
 8. anthropos       mankind          
 9. gyne           woman          
10. gamos          marriage         
11. asketes         monk        
 12. centrum         center         
13. mania          madness          
14. dexter          right hand         
15. sinister         left hand           
16. gauche         left hand        
17. droit          right hand         
18. monos          one          
19. bi?             two         
20. polys           many         
21. andros          male        
22. ?ist            person who (noun suffix)        
23. ?y             Practice, custom, etc.
 
 (noun suffix)        
24. ?ous            adjective suffix          
25. ?ity           quality,condition,etc.
 
(noun suffix)        
 
USING THE WORDS
 
单词应用
Can you pronounce the words?(Ⅰ)
 
你能读出这些单词吗？（Ⅰ）
 
  Say each word aloud! Hear it in your own voice! Say it often enough so that you feel comfortable with it, noting carefully from the phonetic respelling exactly how it should sound.
  Remember that the first crucial step in mastering a word is to be able to say it with ease and assurance.
大声读出每个单词！听自己读音！尽可能多地说出这个单词来，直到你感到非常熟练为止。仔细阅读音标以明确这些单词的正确发音。
记住，掌握新单词的最关键的一步就是能正确和轻松地把它读出来。
1. ambidextrous            am?b??DEKS′?tr?s
2. ambidexterity           am′?b??deks?TAIR′???tee
3. dexterous              DEKS′?tr?s
4. dexterity               deks?TAIR′???tee
5. sinister                 SIN′???st?r
6. gauche                 G??SH (Say the English word go, then quickly add ?sh.)
 
7. gaucherie               G?′?sh??ree
8. adroit                  ??DROYT′
9. adroitness               ??DROYT′?n?ss
10. anthropology           an?thr??POL′???jee
11. anthropologist           an?thr??POL′???jist
12. anthropological          an′?thr??p??LOJ′???k?l
13. philanthropist           f??LAN′?thr??pist
14. philanthropy            f??LAN′?thr??pee
15. philanthropic            fil??n?THROP′?ik
16. gynecologist            gīn (or jin or jīn)???KOL′???jist
17. gynecology             gīn(or jin or jīn)???KOL′???jee
18. gynecological            gīn(or jin or jīn)???k??LOJ′???k?l
19. monogamist             m??NOG′???mist
20. monogamy             m??NOG′???mee
21. monogamous            m??NOG′???m?s
Can you pronounce the words? (Ⅱ)
 
你能读出这些单词吗？（Ⅱ）
 
1. bigamist               BIG′???mist
 2. bigamy                 BIG′???mee
 3. bigamous                BIG′???m?s
 4. polygamist               p??LIG′???mist
 5. polygamy                p??LIG′???mee
 6. polygamous             p??LIG′???m?s
 7. polygynist               p??LIJ′???nist
 8. polygyny                p??LIJ′???nee
 9. polygynous              p??LIJ′???n?s
10. polyandrist              pol?ee?AN′?drist
11. polyandry               pol?ee?AN′?dree
12. polyandrous             pol?ee?AN′?dr?s
13. misanthropist            mis?AN′?thr??pist
14. misanthropy            mis?AN′?thr??pee
15. misanthropic             mis??n?THROP′?ik
16. misogyny                m??SOJ′???nee
17. misogynous              m??SOJ′???n?s
18. misogynistic             m??soj′???NIS′?tik
19. misogamy               m??SOG′???mee
20. misogamous             m??SOG???m?s
21. asceticism              ??SET???siz??m
Can you work with the words? (Ⅰ)
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？（Ⅰ）
Check on your comprehension! See how successfully you can match words and meanings!
检查一下你的理解。看看能否顺利地将单词与词意匹配在一起！
 
 
   1.ambidextrous              a. evil, threatening
   2.dexterous                 b. hating mankind
   3.sinister                   c. skillful
   4.gauche                   d. awkward
   5. misanthropic               e. capable of using both hands with equal skill
 
 
 
 
KEY: l?e, 2?c, 3?a, 4?d, 5?b
 
 
 
 
Can you work with the words? (Ⅱ)
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？（Ⅱ）
 
1. anthropology              a. system of only one marriage
2. gynecology                b. hatred of women
3. monogamy                c. illegal plurality of marriages
4. bigamy                   d. study of human development
5. misogyny                 e. study of female ailments
 
 
 
 
KEY: l?d, 2?e, 3?a, 4?c, 5?b
 
 
 
 
Can you work with the words? (Ⅲ)
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？（Ⅲ）
 
1. polygamy                 a. devotion to a lonely and austere life
2. misogamy                 b. skill, cleverness
3. asceticism                 c. custom in which one man has many wives
4. philanthropy               d. love of mankind
5. adroitness                 e. hatred of marriage
 
 
 
 
KEY: 1?c, 2?e, 3?a, 4?d, 5?b
 
 
 
Can you work with the words? (Ⅳ)
 
你能灵活使用这些词汇了吗？（Ⅳ）
 
 
1. polygynist                 a. student of the development of mankind
2. polyandrist                b. one who engages in charitable works
3. anthropologist             c. male with a plurality of wives
4. gynecologist               d. women’s doctor
5. philanthropist             e. female with a plurality of husbands
 
 
 
KEY: 1?c, 2?e, 3?a, 4?d, 5?b
 
 
 
Do you understand the words?
 
你对词汇是否已经透彻地理解？
 
 1. Can ambidextrous people use either the
 
left or right hand equally well?          YESNO
  
 2. Should a surgeon be manually dexterous?                YESNO
3. Is a sinister?looking person frightening?         YESNO
 4. Is gaucherie a social asset?                   YESNO
 5. Is an adroit speaker likely to be a successful lawyer?             YESNO
6. Is a student of anthropology interested in primitive tribes?          YESNO
7. Does a gynecologist have more male than female patients?           YESNO
8. Is monogamy the custom in Western countries?          YESNO
9. Is a misogamist likely to show tendencies toward
 
polygamy?                YESNO
10. Is a bigamist breaking the law?                YESNO
11. Is a philanthropist generally altruistic?          YESNO
12. Does a misanthropist enjoy human relationships?             YESNO
13. Does a misogynist enjoy female companionship?               YESNO
14. Are unmarried people necessarily misogamous?               YESNO
15. Are bachelors necessarily misogynous?          YESNO
16. Is asceticism compatible with luxurious living
 
and the pursuit of pleasure?     YESNO
17. Does a polyandrist have more than one husband?         YESNO
 
 
KEY: 1?yes, 2?yes, 3?yes, 4?no, 5?yes, 6?yes, 7?no, 8?yes, 9?no, 10?yes, 11?yes, 12?no, 13?no, 14?no, 15?no, 16?no, 17?yes
 
 
Can you recall the words?
 
你能够写出这些词汇吗？
 
 
 1. philosophy of living austerely      1. A
 2. hatred of women                 2. M
 3. hatred of marriage                3. M
 4. hatred of mankind                4. M
 5. skillful                         5. D
 6. awkward                       6. G
 7. evil, threatening                   7. S
 8. describing hatred of women  (adj.) 8. M
or M
9. skill                            9. A
10. pertaining to hatred of marriage (adj.) 10. M
11. pertaining to hatred of mankind (adj.)  11. M
12. social custom of plural marriage 12. P
or P
or P
13. unlawful state of having more than one spouse     13. B
14. doctor specializing in female disorders    14. G
15. custom of one marriage at a time     15. M
 
16. one who hates the human race      16. M
 
or M
17. able to use both hands with equal skill 17. A
18. study of mankind      18. A
19. one who loves mankind           19. P
20. skill in the use of both hands      20. A
 
 
KEY: 1?asceticism, 2?misogyny, 3?misogamy, 4?misanthropy, 5?dexterous, 6?gauche, 7?sinister, 8?misogynous or misogynistic, 9?adroitness, 10?misogamous, 11?misanthropic, 12?polygamy,  polyandry,  or  polygyny,  13?bigamy, 14?gynecologist, 15?monogamy, 16?misanthropist or misanthrope, 17?ambidextrous, 18?anthropology, 19?philanthropist, 20?ambidexterity
 
 
CHAPTER REVIEW
 
章节复习
 
A. Do you recognize the words?
你认识这些单词吗？
 
1. Puts selfish desires first: (a) egoist, (b) egotist, (c) altruist
2. Is self?analytical: (a) extrovert, (b) introvert, (c) ambivert
3. Hates women: (a) misogamist, (b) misanthrope, (c) misogynist
4. One’s other self: (a) altercation, (b) alter ego, (c) alteration
5. Awkward, clumsy: (a) adroit, (b) dexterous, (c) gauche
6. Plural marriage as a custom: (a) bigamy, (b) polygamy, (c) monogamy
7. Study of human development: (a) asceticism, (b) philanthropy, (c) anthropology
 
8. Plurality of husbands as a custom: (a) misogyny, (b) polygyny, (c) polyandry
 
 
 
KEY: l?a, 2?b, 3?c, 4?b, 5?c, 6?b, 7?c, 8?c
 
 
B.Can you recognize roots?
你能认出字根吗？
 
ROOT             MEANING                                 EXAMPLE
 1. ego                                                                egoist
 2. alter                                                                        alternative
 3. verto               introvert
 4. misein      misogynist
5. anthropos           anthropologist
 6. gyne                                     gynecologist
 7. gamos                                   bigamy
 8. centrum                                                     egocentric
 9. dexter dexterous
10. droit         adroit
11. monos       monogamy
12. androspolyandry
 
 
KEY: 1?self, 2?other, 3?to turn, 4?to hate, 5?mankind, 6?woman, 7?marriage, 8?center, 9?right hand, 10?right hand, 11?one,12?male
 
 
 
TEASER  QUESTIONS  FOR  THE  AMATEUR  ETYMOLOGIST
 
词源小测验
 
Suppose you met the following words in your reading. Recognizing the roots on which they are constructed, could you figure out the meanings? Write your answers on the blank lines.
假如在阅读当中你遇到了下面的单词。通过识别构成该单词的词根，你能明白它的意思吗？在空白横线上写出你的答案。
 
 
1. anthropocentric:
 
 
2. andromania:
 
 
3. gynandrous:
 
 
4. monomania:
 
 
5. misandrist:
 
 
 
 
(Answers in Chapter 18.)
（答案见第18章）
 
STICK  TO  YOUR  TIME  SCHEDULE!
 
坚持你的学习计划
 
In three sessions, you have become acquainted with scores of new, vital, exciting words. You understand the ideas behind these words, their various forms and spellings, their pronunciation, their derivation, how they can be used, and exactly what they mean. I do not wish to press a point unduly, but it is possible that you have learned more new words in the short time it took you to cover this chapter than the average adult learns in an entire year. This realization should make you feel both gratified and excited.
通过这三个小节的学习，你已经熟悉了几十个新词汇，这些词既关键又令人兴奋。你了解到这些词汇背后的概念，知道了词汇的不同形式、拼写、发音、派生，还有它们的用法及准确含义。我不愿过分强调这一点，但你可能通过短短的时间学完本章，学到了比普通成年人用一整年时间所学到的还要多的词汇。意识到这一点，你应该感到既荣幸又兴奋。
 
Funny thing about time. Aside from the fact that we all, rich or poor, sick or well, have the same amount of time, exactly twenty?four hours every day (that is looking at time from a static point of view), it is also true that we can always find time for the things we enjoy doing, almost never for the things we find unpleasant (and that is looking at time from the dynamic point of view). I am not merely being philosophical—I am sure you will agree with this concept if you give it a little thought.
时间是个有趣的东西。无论富裕还是贫穷，无论生病还是健康，我们所有人每天都拥有相同的时间——24小时（当然是从静态的角度观察）。除了这个事实，另外一个事实也是毋庸置疑的——只要是我们感兴趣的事情，我们总会抽出时间去做；而对于我们觉得无趣的事情，我们却总是没有时间（这一次是从动态的角度分析）。我不是在讲哲学，只要你仔细思考片刻，你一定也会同意这个观点。
 
  If you have enjoyed learning new words, accepting new challenges, gaining new understanding, and discovering the thrill of successful accomplishment, then make sure to stay with the time schedule you have set up for yourself.
A crucial factor in successful, ongoing learning is routine.
  Develop a comfortable time routine, persevere against all distractions, and you will learn anything you sincerely want to learn.
  So, to give yourself an edge, write here the day and hour you plan to return to your work:
如果你一直享受于学习新词汇、接受新挑战、获得新理解和发现成功达到目标时的兴奋，那么你要确保坚持你为自己设定的时间规划。
成功、不间断地学习的关键因素是有规律地学习。
为自己设定一个适合自己的时间规划，坚持不懈，抛开纷扰，你将学到任何你真正想要学习的知识。
所以，在这里写下你计划下次阅读本书的日期和时间，以帮助自己建立优势。
DAY（星期）:
DATE（日期）:
TIME（时间）:
 
(End of Session 3) 
 
 
 
 
Brief intermission one
简短插叙一
 
 
TEST  YOUR  GRAMMAR
语法小测验
 
 
How good is your English? Have you ever said me and then wondered if it shouldn’t have been I—or vice versa? Do you sometimes get a little confused about lay and lie or who and whom? Perhaps you are often a little less than certain about the distinction between effect and affect, principal and principle, childish and childlike?
  Here is a series of quick tests that will show you how skillful you are in using the right word in the right place, that will give you a reliable indication of how your language ability compares with the average.
你的英语水平如何？使用了宾格形式的me之后，你是否疑惑也许使用主格形式I才是正确的？反之亦然？对于lay和lie，who和whom的用法你是否有些混淆？对于effect和affect，principal和principle，childish和childlike等词汇，你能否正确区分它们？
以下是一系列测验，通过测验会发现你是否善于在恰当的地方使用合适的词语；也能够清楚地表明和普通人相比，你的语言能力到底如何。

本书与众多英语词汇书籍相比，让人眼前一亮。全书语言生动流畅，且不乏幽默趣谈，绝无一般词汇书籍的枯燥乏味。
作者在英语词汇的海洋中纵横捭阖，旁征博引，他深知语言学习的要领在于思维培养。因此不遗余力地将每一个单词所蕴含的思维方式逐一阐释给读者，从文化的角度、从单词适用的语境开始分析，再过渡到词源、词根的讲解，最后举一反三、触类旁通，延伸到对同类单词的认识和把握，语言学习与思维培养的结合达到了对英语词汇的最佳解构。其目的不仅仅是帮助读者实现英语单词的长效记忆，而且要培养读者的英语思维。
全书散发出作者英语语言权威的强大气场，它的语言，它的讲述方式，它别出心裁的结构，都对读者构成了独有的吸引力。

本书从概念入手，分门别类将表达相同或相似概念的核心词汇组合在一起，考察这些词汇意义上的联系和区别。在形式上，通过对单词词源、词根和词缀的研究，帮助读者掌握构词法，做到触类旁通，举一反三，在掌握核心词汇的基础上迅速扩充词汇量。每一个英语单词不再是孤立的个体，而是与其他词汇有机联系在一起的要素，是各种概念的活泼的表现形式。
全书编排严谨，内容丰富，每一章既有对概念和构词法的详细讲解，又配备了大量的练习和测试，帮助读者复习和巩固所学内容。此外，书中还插入了大量的典故、故事，各种学习方法的介绍和比较，各种奇特的语言现象的分析与评论，全书语言幽默生动，使读者轻轻松松地学到新词汇、新概念，真正体会英文书名Word Power Made Easy的涵义。

著者：
诺曼·里维斯（Norman Lewis，1912—2006年），毕业于美国哥伦比亚大学，作家、教授、英语文法专家和辞典编撰者，美国英语语言领域的权威专家。他一生编著了63本书，其中以《英语说文解字》（Word Power Made Easy），《30天增强词汇》（30 Day to a More Powerful Vocabulary）和《罗热的新掌上词库》（Roget’s New Pocket Thesaurus in Dictionary Form）三本最为畅销。
 
译者：
王威，北京大学英语系在读博士，以19世纪英国文学为研究方向。近年从事英语教学、研究和翻译，主要涉及古典学、中世纪研究、英国文学和比较文学等领域。发表论文若干，主要译著包括《美国小学语文》（第六册）、《非虚构类文本阅读》等。
刘博，北京高校英语教师，以认知语言学为研究方向。从事英语教学及研究多年，主要涉及语用学、词汇学、二语习得等。主要译著包括《美国小学语文（第一册）》《非虚构类文本阅读》等。
 
审订者：
谭新木，北京大学中文系学士，美国乔治·华盛顿大学国际关系硕士，曾先后任新华社驻耶路撒冷和华盛顿常驻记者。

正文目录
 
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK FOR MAXIMUM BENEFIT
如何从本书获得最大收益（原序）∕ⅰ
 
Why this is not a book to be read; how to learn to pronounce the new words correctly; how the etymological approach works better than any other method for learning words quickly and permanently; how to master nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in five to ten minutes; how to use the psychological principles of learning to sharpen your verbal skills.
为什么本书不是用于阅读；如何掌握新单词的正确读音；为何利用词源快速学习词汇、长效记忆词汇的方法优于其他方法；如何用5到10分钟掌握名词、动词、形容词和副词；如何运用关于学习的心理学原理来提升语言技巧。
 
PART ONEGETTING OFF TO A GOOD START
第一部分建立一个良好的开端
1. HOW TO TEST YOUR PRESENT VOCABULARY
如何测试现有词汇量∕2
 
How vocabulary growth of the average adult compares with that of children; a simple test to show you whether your vocabulary is below average, average, above average, excellent, or superior in range, verbal speed, and responsiveness; important evidence of the close relationship between vocabulary and success.
一般成年人学习词汇的速度和孩子相比怎么样；一个简单的测试，检验你的词汇范围、说话速度和反应能力，来确定你的词汇量是低于平均水平、高于平均水平、优秀还是非常优秀；词汇量和成功密切相关的重要证据。
 
 
2. HOW TO START BUILDING YOUR VOCABULARY
如何开始构建词汇∕17
 
How building your vocabulary will enrich your thinking, increase your self?assurance in speaking and writing, and give you a better understanding of the world and of yourself; why it is necessary to recapture the “powerful urge to learn”; why your age makes little difference; how this book is designed to build a college?size vocabulary in two to three months.
扩大词汇量如何能丰富你的思维，增强你说话和写作的自信，使你更好地理解这个世界和你自己；为什么重新获得“强烈的学习欲望”尤为重要；为什么扩展词汇量与年龄无关；本书如何能够使你在两到三个月之内达到大学水平的词汇量。
 
 
3. HOW TO TALK ABOUT PERSONALITY TYPES (Sessions 1-3)
如何描述个性类型∕25
 
Words that describe all kinds and sorts of people, including terms for self?interest, reactions to the world, attitudes to others, skill and awkwardness, marital states, hatred of man, of woman, and of marriage. How one session of pleasant work can add more words to your vocabulary than the average adult learns in an entire year; why it is necessary to develop a comfortable time schedule and then stick to it.
描述各种各样个性类型的人物，包括与自我利益、世界观、对他人的态度、通达与笨拙、婚姻状况、厌恶男人、厌恶女人和厌恶婚姻生活等概念相关的术语。愉快地学习一段时间所掌握的词汇量，如何能比一般成年人一整年学到的词汇量还多；为什么制订一个合适的学习时间表并坚持执行是必不可少的。
 
 
4. HOW TO TALK ABOUT DOCTORS (Sessions 4-6)
如何描述各科医生∕52
 
Words that relate to medical specialists and specialties. Terms for experts in disorders of the female organs; childhood diseases; skin ailments; skeletal deformities; heart ailments; disorders of the nerves, mind, and personality. How self?discipline and persistence will ultimately lead to complete mastery over words,
与医学专家和专业相关的词汇；治疗女性组织紊乱、儿童疾病、皮肤疾病、骨骼畸形、心脏疾病，以及神经、心智、人格紊乱等疾病的专家术语；自律和恒心如何引导你完全掌握词汇。
 
 
5. HOW TO TALK ABOUT VARIOUS PRACTITIONERS
(Sessions 7-10)
如何描述各种从业者∕79
 
Words that describe a variety of professions, including those dealing with the human mind, teeth, vision, feet, handwriting, aging, etc. How you are becoming more and more conscious of the new words you meet in your reading.
描述各种各样职业的词汇，包括那些与人的心理、牙齿、视力、脚、书写、衰老等相关的职业。阅读时，你对新词如何变得越来越警觉。
 
 
6. HOW TO TALK ABOUT SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS
(Sessions 11-13)
如何描述各门科学及科学家∕112
 
Words that describe students of human development, of the heavens, of the earth, of plant and animal life, of insect forms, of words and language, of social organization. Books on psychology that will add immeasurably both to your store of new words and ideas, and also to your under standing of yourself and of other people.
描述人类进化、天体、地球、植物与动物、昆虫、词汇与语言、社会组织等科目的学生的词汇。关于心理学的书籍不但可以极大地丰富你的新词，储备新概念，还使你更好地了解自己和其他人。
 
 
7. HOW TO TALK ABOUT LIARS AND LYING (Sessions 14-17)
如何描述各类骗子与谎言∕146
 
Words that accurately label different types of liars and lying. Terms that relate to fame, artistry, reform, heredity, time, place, suffering, etc. Four lasting benefits you have begun to acquire from your work in vocabulary building.
准确描述不同种类骗子与谎言的词汇；与名誉、艺术才能、改造、遗传、时间、地点、苦难等相关的词汇。你从词汇扩建的学习中获得的四个长远利益。
 
 
8. HOW TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS(Session 18)
如何检验你的进步∕179
 
Comprehensive Test I ：A 120?item test of your learning in Part  I.
综合测验Ⅰ：测试包含120道题，测验第一部分的学习成果。
 
 
 
PART TWOGAINING  INCREASED  MOMENTUM
第二部分加大马力
 
9. HOW TO TALK ABOUT ACTIONS (Sessions 19-23)
如何描述各种行为∕187
 
Verbs that accurately describe important human activities. Excursions into expressive terms for good and evil, doing, saying, wishing, and pleasing. Further proof that you can learn, in a few weeks or less, more new words than the average adult learns in an entire year.
描述人类重要行为的动词，了解一些表达好坏、行为、语言、愿望和取悦他人的相关术语。更多的证据证明，你能通过几个星期或更短的时间掌握普通成年人一整年才能掌握的新词。
 
 
10. HOW TO TALK ABOUT VARIOUS SPEECH HABITS
(Sessions 24-27)
如何描述多样的语言习惯∕237
 
Words that explore in depth all degrees and kinds of talk and silence. More books that will increase your alertness to new ideas and new words.
准确描述不同程度和不同种类的健谈和寡言。更多能够增加你对新概念和新词汇敏感程度的书目。
 
 
11. HOW TO INSULT YOUR ENEMIES (Sessions 28-31)
如何侮辱敌人∕279
 
Terms for describing a disciplinarian, toady, dabbler, provocative woman, flag waver, possessor of a one?track mind, freethinker, sufferer from imaginary ailments, etc. Excursions into words relating to father and mother, murder of all sorts, sexual desires, and various manias and phobias. Magazines that will help you build your vocabulary.
描述严格的纪律奉行者、谄媚之人、浅涉文艺之人、蛮横的女人、狂热的爱国者、独行其是之人、自由的思想者、饱受虚构的疾病折磨的人等概念的术语。了解一些与父母、各种谋杀、性欲、各种疯狂和恐惧相关的词汇。对词汇的扩建有帮助的推荐书目。
 
 
12. HOW TO FLATTER YOUR FRIENDS (Sessions 32-37)
如何奉承朋友∕339
 
Terms for describing friendliness, energy, honesty, mental keenness, bravery, charm, sophistication, etc. Excursions into expressive words that refer to ways of eating and drinking,believing and disbelieving, looking and seeing, facing the present, past, and future, and living in the city and country. How the new words you are learning have begun to influence your thinking.
描述友善、精力、诚实、敏锐的思维、勇敢、魅力、老练等概念的术语。了解描述吃喝方式，信与不信，看与看见，面对现在、过去和将来，居住于城市和乡村的方式的表意词汇。你学到的新词给自己的思维带来了怎样的影响？
 
 
13. HOW TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS (Session 38)
如何检验你的进步∕391
 
Comprehensive Test II：A 120?item test of your achievement in Part II.
综合测验Ⅱ：测试包含120道题，测验第二部分的学习成果。
 
 
　　PART THREEFINISHING WITH A FEELING
OF COMPLETE SUCCESS
第三部分  以圆满成功的感觉收尾
 
14. HOW TO TALK ABOUT COMMON PHENOMENA AND
OCCURRENCES (Sessions 39-41)
如何描述普遍现象和事件∕398
 
Words for poverty and wealth, direct and indirect emotions, not calling a spade a spade, banter and other light talk, animallike contentment, homesickness, meat?eating, and different kinds of secrecy. Excursions into terms expressive of goodness, of hackneyed phraseology, of human similarity to various animals, of kinds of sound,etc. How to react to the new words you meet in your reading.
有关贫穷与富裕、直接和间接情感、委婉的表达、俏皮话、好似动物般的满足感、乡愁、食肉和不同种类秘密的词汇。涉及表达富足、陈腐、人类与各种动物的相似性，以及各种声音等的词汇。如何处理阅读中遇到的新单词。
 
 
15. HOW TO TALK ABOUT WHAT GOES ON (Sessions 42-44)
如何描述正在发生的事情∕449
 
Verbs that show exhaustion, criticism, self?sacrifice, repetition, mental stagnation, pretense, hinting, soothing, sympathizing, indecision, etc. How you can increase your vocabulary by picking your friends’ brains.
与疲惫、批评、自我牺牲、重复、思想的滞后、假装、暗示、抚慰、同情、犹豫不决等概念相关的动词。如何通过听取朋友的见解来增加自己的词汇。
 
 
16. HOW TO TALK ABOUT A VARIETY OF PERSONAL
CHARACTERISTICS (Sessions 45-46)
如何描述各种个性特征∕476
 
Adjectives that describe insincere humility, dissatisfaction,  snobbery,  courtesy  to women, financial embarrassment, sadness, etc. How increasing your vocabulary has begun to change the intellectual climate of your life.
描述虚伪的谦逊、不满足感、势利、对女性的殷勤、经济拮据、悲伤等概念的形容词。逐渐扩展的词汇给你的思想氛围带来了怎样的变化。
 
 
17. HOW TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS (Session 47)
如何检验你的进步∕496
 
Comprehensive Test III：A 120?item test of your achievement in Part III
综合测验Ⅲ：测试包含120道题，测验第三部分的学习成果。
 
 
18. HOW TO CHECK YOUR STANDING AS AN AMATEUR
ETYMOLOGIST
如何检验你对词源掌握的程度∕502
 
Answers to Teaser Questions in Chapters 3-7, 9-12, and 14-16.
第3-7章、第9-12章和第14-16章的难题答案。
 
 
19. HOW TO KEEP BUILDING YOUR VOCABULARY
如何不断扩建词汇∕519
 
The five simple, but vital, steps to take so that you can keep your vocabulary ever developing, ever increasing. How your vocabulary will continue to grow only if you remain on the search for new ideas. The best means for making this search successful.
保证词汇继续增长、继续扩展的五个简单但重要的步骤。只有不断探索新概念，你的词汇量才会继续增加；使这种探索取得成功的最佳手段。
 
 
BRIEF INTERMISSIONS
简短插叙目录
 
TEST YOUR GRAMMAR
语法小测验∕49
 
A thirty?sentence test of your ability to use words correctly. Is your English average, above average, or nearly perfect?
测验包含30个句子。测验旨在考查你正确使用词汇的能力。你的英语是普通水平、高于普通水平还是近乎完美？
 
 
RANDOM NOTES ON MODERN USAGE
现代用法随笔∕74
 
Grammatical usage is becoming more liberal every day—is your speech neither affected nor illiterate? Simple rules for fifteen important expressions.
语法变得日益自由——你的语言表达是否既不动人又不文雅？15个重要表达的简单规则。
 
 
HOW GRAMMAR CHANGES
语法如何变化∕106
 
Grammar follows the speech habits of educated people—how does your grammar measure up in your use of nine common expressions?
语法以大多数受教育人士的语言习惯为依据——参照9个常见表达的用法，你的语法达到标准了吗？
 
 
HOW TO AVOID BEING A PURIST
如何避免成为语言纯正癖者∕141
 
There is no reason for being overprecise in your speech—but do you also avoid barbarisms and illiterate expressions.
过度纠结于语言表达的准确与否是不必要的——但是，你是否也应该避免粗俗或不文雅的表达呢？
 
 
HOW TO SPEAK NATURALLY
如何自然表达∕232
 
Nine more expressions of which you must be careful.
你必须谨慎使用的另外9个表达法。
 
 
DO YOU ALWAYS USE THE PROPER WORD
你总是能够恰当地使用词语吗∕277
 
A twenty?five sentence check on your increasing linguistic ability.
测试包含25个句子，测验你日益增强的语言能力。
 
 
SOME INTERESTING DERIVATIONS
一些有趣的词源∕335
 
How words come from the names of people and places.
人名与地名是如何成为常见词汇的。
 
HOW TO SPELL A WORD
如何拼写单词∕438
 
You can eliminate all your spelling difficulties—provided you know the tricks.
你能够消除自己所有的拼写难题——前提是掌握窍门。
 
 
TAKE THIS SPELLING TEST
拼写测验∕474
 
Proof that you are becoming a better speller.
证明你的拼写更加完善。
 
 
ANOTHER CHECK ON YOUR SPELLING
另一个拼写测验∕494
 
Further tests to nail home the correct spellings of common but difficult words.
通过进一步测验，巩固一些词汇的正确拼写。这些词汇虽然常见，拼写却使人头痛。